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IB Chemistry HL
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Table of Contents

1. Quantitative Chemistry
Introduction
Mole Concept
Units
Mole – Particle Conversions
Molar Mass
Mole – Mass Conversions
Balancing Equations
Mole Relationships in a Chemical Reaction
Mass Relationships in a Chemical Reaction
Limiting Reactant
Determination of Formulae - Gravimetric Analysis
Mixtures & Solutions
Making solutions and determining solute mass
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Pressure
Boyle’s Law
Pressure Law
Charles’ Law
The Combined Gas Law
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law of Combining Volumes
Ideal Gas Law
Yield: Theoretical, Experimental and Percentage
Empirical & Molecular Formulae
Calculations from percentage information
Calculations from Empirical Data
Compounds containing oxygen
Molecular Formula
Summary Questions
2. Atomic Structure
Subatomic Particles
The Nuclear Atom & Isotopes
Isotope Notation
The Mass Spectrometer
Relative Atomic Mass
Calculating Relative Average Atomic Mass
Calculating Natural Abundance
The Electronic Atom - Basic structure
Evidence for Shells – the Hydrogen spectrum
Explaining the Hydrogen Spectrum
The Electronic Atom - Shells & Sub-Shells
AHL - Energy of Light
Orbital Diagrams & Hund’s Rule
Exceptions to the filling pattern in the d-block.
Successive Ionization Energies – evidence for shells
Exceptions to Ionization Energy Trend - Evidence for subshells
Summary Questions
3. Periodicity
Structure of the Periodic Table
Effective Nuclear Charge
Trends in the Periodic Table - The Basic Idea
Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius
Atomic vs. Ionic Radii
Ionization Energy - General Trend
Electron Affinity
Electronegativity
Chemical Properties
Reactions of Alkali Metals and Halogens
Reactions of Alkali Metals with Water
Properties of the Halogens
Halogens & Halides
Chemical Properties across Period 3
Reactions of the oxides of Period 3 with water
First row d-block elements
Catalysts
Complex Ions
Colourful transition metal compounds
Summary Questions
4. Bonding
Bonding vs. Structure
The Octet Rule
Types of Bonding
Ionic Charges & Formulae
Simple ionic compounds – from the periodic table
Transition metal compounds
Is it +2 or 2+?
Compounds of polyatomic ions.
Ionic Compounds & Properties
Metallic Bonding & Alloys
Melting Point
Melting points of Group I – The alkali metals
Covalent Bonding
Covalent Formulae
Lewis Structure
VSEPR Theory and Molecular Shapes I
Exceptional Lewis Structures
Shapes of molecules II
Hybridization
Types of Covalent Bonds - Sigma(σ) & Pi(π)
Resonance & Delocalization
Resonance Stabilization Energy
Bond Angle and Double Bonds
Formal Charges
Bond Polarity and Molecular Polarity
Bond Length and Strength
Allotropes of Carbon
Intermolecular Forces
London Dispersion Forces
Dipole – Dipole Forces
Dipole - Induced Dipole
Hydrogen Bonding
The layering of intermolecular forces
How do you determine the type of IMF?
Types of Solids
Physical Properties of Solids
Summary Questions
5. Energetics
Endothermic & Exothermic
Potential Energy Diagrams (Enthalpy Diagrams)
Standard Conditions
Calorimetry - Enthalpy Change Calculations
Assumptions in Calorimetry
The Calorimeter Constant
Hess’ Law
Heat of Hydration - an application of Hess’ Law
Bond Enthalpy
Standard Enthalpy Changes
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Standard Enthalpy of Combustion
Which formula do I use?
Born – Haber Cycles & Ionic Lattice Enthalpy
Entropy
Hess’ Law and Entropy
Spontaneity & Gibb’s Free Energy
Free Energy & Equilibrium
Summary Questions
6. Kinetics
Rates of Reaction
Rate Experiments
Collision Theory
Factors affecting Rate of Reaction
Rate Expression / Rate Law
The Rate Constant
Reaction Mechanisms
Activation Energy
Summary Questions
7. Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
Approaching equilibrium
Position of Equilibrium
LeChâtelier’s Principle
Reaction Quotient
The meaning of Kc
Determining the Equilibrium Constant, Keq
Determining Equilibrium Concentrations
Summary Questions
8. Acids & Bases
Theories of Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids & Bases
H+(aq) or H3O+(aq)?
Conjugate pairs
Amphoteric substances
Strong & Weak
Distinguishing between Strong and Weak
pH Scale
Acid Deposition
Calculation of pH of weak acid solutions
Hydrolysis of Salts
Buffer Solutions
Acid – Base Titration – Strong Acid & Strong Base
Acid – Base Titration – Weak & Strong
Indicators
pH Curves
Relative Strengths of Acids & Bases
Summary Questions
9. Oxidation & Reduction
Introduction
Oxidation numbers.
Redox Reactions
Reactivity
Half Reactions
Dissolved Oxygen and BOD
Definitions
Voltaic Cells
Salt Bridge
Standard Electrode Potentials
Electrolysis of molten salts
Electrolysis of solutions
Factors affecting amount of electrolysis product
Balancing Redox reactions in Acidic Solution
Summary questions
10. Organic Chemistry
Introduction
Hydrocarbons
Naming Hydrocarbons.
Isomers
Structural Isomers
Branching in Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
Organic Functional Groups
Functional Groups vs. Classes of compounds
Functional Group Isomerism
Alkenes — Electrophilic Addition Reactions
Electrophilic Addition Mechanism
Benzene and Derivatives
Important isomers
Halogenoalkanes
Nucleophilic Substitution reactions
SN1 – Nucleophilic Substitution – First order kinetics
SN2 – Nucleophilic Substitution – Second order kinetics
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions II
Alcohols
Combustion of alcohols
Oxidation of alcohols
Alcohol Oxidation Products
Reduction of aldehydes, ketones and acids
Functional Groups containing Nitrogen
Elimination Reactions
Ester Condensation Reactions
Naming Esters
Amide Condensation Reactions
Condensation Polymers
Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
Reaction Pathways
Stereoisomerism
Optical Isomerism
Summary Questions
11. Measurement & Data Processing
Observations
Uncertainty in Measurements
Precision & Accuracy
Significant Digits
Rounding off Numbers
Adding and Subtracting Significant Digits
Multiplying and Dividing Significant Digits
Systematic Uncertainty
Absolute & Relative Uncertainty
Propagating Uncertainty
Types of Relationships
The Formula of a compound
Mass Spectroscopy (MS)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Infrared Spectroscopy
X-ray Crystallography
Answers

About the Author

Cameron Lumsden has an Honours degree in Chemistry from Trent University, Canada. He has been teaching IB Chemistry since 1997 and is currently Head of Science at Munich International School, Germany. He has taught revision since 2002.

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