This anthology focuses on writing about literature which is integrated in every chapter. Each element (i.e. character, setting, tone) is covered by a sample student essay and commentary on the essay. 32 MLA --Format Demonstrative student essays serve as models for good student writing. Three NEW chapters on research--one each for fiction, poetry and drama--feature full MLA-style research papers annotated to point out research information specific to each genre. NEW-MLA document maps: These visual representations help students locate key information on frequently-cited sources such as books and websites. NEW "visualizing" sections on fiction, poetry and drama each feature a section devoted to images that represent key literary principles or visual-based media within the genre. Color insert--This insert features works of art and connects them to various pieces of literature throughout the book. These images help reinforce the themes found in the literature. Fifty short illustrative writing examples embody the strategies and methods described in the various chapters and appendices.

Table of Contents

Topical and Thematic Contents xlix Preface lxi PART I The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing About Literature 1 WHAT IS LITERATURE, AND WHY DO WE STUDY IT? 3 Types of Literature: The Genres 3 Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively 5 GUY DE MAUPASSANT The Necklace 5 To go to a ball, Mathilde Loisel borrows a necklace from a rich friend, but her rhapsodic evening has unforeseen consequences. Readingand Responding in a Computer File or Notebook 12 Sample Notebook Entries on Maupassant's "The Necklace" 14 MAJOR STAGES IN THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT LITERARY TOPICS: DISCOVERING IDEAS, PREPARING TO WRITE, MAKING AN INITIAL DRAFT OF YOUR ESSAY, AND COMPLETING THE ESSAY 18 Writing Does Not Come Easily--for Anyone 18 / The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought 19 Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming") 20 Study the Characters in the Work 21 / Determine the Work's Historical Period and Background 23 / Analyze the Work's Economic and Social Conditions 23 / Explain the Work's Major Ideas 24 / Describe the Work's Artistic Qualities 24 / Explain Any Other Approaches that Seem Important 25 Preparing to Write 25 Build Ideas from Your Original Notes 25 / Trace Patterns of Action and Thought 26 The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing 27 Raise and Answer Your Own Questions 27/ Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method 28 / Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing 29 Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay 29 Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement 29 The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature 31 Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization 31 / Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence 32 / Select Only One Topic--No More--for Each Paragraph 32 Referring to the Names of Authors 33 Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development 33 The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works 34 Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay 35 Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft): How Setting in "The Necklace" Is Related to the Character of Mathilde 36 Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision 38 Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas 38 / Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument 38 / Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously 39 / Check Your Development and Organization 41 / Try to Be Original 41 / Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience 42 / Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language 43 / Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft): How Maupassant Uses Setting in "The Necklace"to Show the Character of Mathilde 45 / Commentary on the Essay 48 / Essay Commentaries 48 A Summary of Guidelines 49 Writing Topics About the Writing Process 49 A SHORT GUIDE TO THE USE OF REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS IN ESSAYS ABOUT LITERATURE 50 Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay 50 Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author 50 Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks 51 Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences 51 Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format 52 Use an Ellipsis to Show Omissions 53 Use Square Brackets to Enclose Words that You Add Within Quotations 53 Be Careful Not to Overquote 53 Preserve the Spellings in Your Source 54 PART II Readingand Writing About Fiction 55 1 FICTION: AN OVERVIEW 56 Modern Fiction 57 The Short Story 58 Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnee 58 Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme 60 Elements of Fiction III: The Writer's Tools 62 Visualizing Fiction: Cartoons, Graphic Narratives, Graphic Novels 63 Dan Piraro, Bizarro 65 / Art Spiegelman, from Maus 65 STORIES FOR STUDY 71 AMBROSE BIERCE An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge 71 A condemned man dreams of escape, freedom, and family. EDWIDGE DANTICAT Night Talkers 77 Through an evil act, a man learns goodness. WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily 89 Even seemingly ordinary people hide deep and bizarre mysteries. TIM O'BRIEN The Things They Carried 95 During the Vietnam War, American soldiers carry not only their weighty equipment but many memories. LUIGI PIRANDELLO War 105 During World War I in Italy, the loss of a loved one outweighs all rationalizations for the conflict. ALICE WALKER Everyday Use 108 Mrs. Johnson, with her daughter Maggie, is visited by her citified daughter Dee, whose return home is accompanied by surprises. EUDORA WELTY A Worn Path 114 Phoenix Jackson, a devoted grandmother, walks a worn path on a mission of great love. Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction 119 Writing About the Plot of a Story 121 / Illustrative Student Essay: The Plot of Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path" 123 Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction 125 2 POINT OF VIEW: THE POSITION OR STANCE OF THEWORK'S NARRATOR OR SPEAKER 127 An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident 128 Conditions That Affect Point of View 130 Point of View and Opinions 130 Determining a Work's Point of View 131 Mingling Points of View 134 Point of View and Verb Tense 134 Summary: Guidelines for Points of View 135 STORIES FOR STUDY 136 RAYMOND CARVER Neighbors 137 Bill and Arlene Miller are looking after the apartment of the Stones, their neighbors, whose life seems to be brighter and fuller than theirs. SHIRLEY JACKSON The Lottery 140 What would it be like if the prize at a community-sponsored lottery were not the cash that people ordinarily hope to win? LORRIE MOORE How to Become a Writer 146 There is more to becoming a writer than simply sitting down at a table and beginning to write. JOYCE CAROL OATES The Cousins 150 What are the obstacles to friendship between close relatives who have lived their lives totally apart from each other? Writing About Point of View 164 / Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson's Dramatic Point of View in "The Lottery" 167 Writing Topics About Point of View 171 3 CHARACTERS: THE PEOPLE IN FICTION 173 Character Traits 173 How Authors Disclose Character in Literature 175 Types of Characters: Round and Flat 177 Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude 179 STORIES FOR STUDY 180 RAYMOND CARVER Cathedral 180 A husband and wife receive a blind visitor who affects the man's way of seeing things. SUSAN GLASPELL A Jury of Her Peers 189 In a small farmhouse kitchen, the wives of men investigating a murder discover significant evidence that forces them to make an urgent decision. KATHERINE MANSFIELD Miss Brill 202 Miss Brill goes to the park for a pleasant afternoon, but she does not find what she was expecting. AMY TAN Two Kinds 205 Jing-Mei leads her own kind of life despite the wishes and hopes of her mother. MARK TWAIN Luck 213 A faithful follower describes an English general who was knighted for military brilliance. Writing About Character 216 / Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of Minnie Wright in Glaspell's "A Jury of Her Peers" 219 Writing Topics About Character 222 4 SETTING: THE BACKGROUND OF PLACE, OBJECTS, AND CULTURE IN STORIES 224 What Is Setting? 224 The Literary Uses of Setting 225 STORIES FOR STUDY 228 SANDRA CISNEROS The House on Mango Street 228 "I knew then that I had to have a house." JOSEPH CONRAD The Secret Sharer 230 What goes on in the mind of a person, insecure in his own position, when he makes a difficult moral judgment which may prove disastrous? JOANNE GREENBERG And Sarah Laughed 253 The wife and mother in a family of hearing-impaired people learn to understand and appreciate their difficulties. JAMES JOYCE Araby 262 An introspective boy learns much about himself when he tries to keep a promise. CYNTHIA OZICK The Shawl 266 Can a mother in a Nazi concentration camp save her starving and crying baby? Writing About Setting 269 / Illustrative Student Essay: The Setting of Conrad's "The Secret Sharer" 271 Writing Topics About Setting 274 5 STRUCTURE: THE ORGANIZATION OF STORIES 275 Formal Categories of Structure 275 Formal and Actual Structure 277 STORIES FOR STUDY 278 RALPH ELLISON Battle Royal 278 An intelligent black student, filled with hopes and dreams, is treated with monstrous indignity. THOMAS HARDY The Three Strangers 287 The natives of Higher Crowstairs make a major decision about right and wrong even though they are more concerned about other matters. JAMAICAKINCAID What I Have Been Doing Lately 300 Life develops from the repetition and recirculation of dreams and fantasies. JOYCE CAROL OATES Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? 302 A teenage girl is visited by an aggressive stranger who does not accept "no" for an answer. TOM WHITECLOUD Blue Winds Dancing 313 A Native American student leaves college in California to spend Christmas in his hometown in Wisconsin. Writing About Structure in a Story 317 / Illustrative Student Essay: Conflict and Suspense in Hardy's "The Three Strangers" 318 Writing Topics About Structure 323 6 TONE AND STYLE: THEWORDS THAT CONVEY ATTITUDES IN FICTION 324 Diction: The Writer's Choice and Control of Words 324 Tone, Irony, and Style 328 Tone, Humor, and Style 329 STORIES FOR STUDY 331 KATE CHOPIN The Story of an Hour 331 Louise Mallard is shocked and grieved by news that her husband has been killed, but she is about to have an even greater shock. WILLIAM FAULKNER Barn Burning 333 A young country boy grows in awareness, conscience, and individuality despite his hostile father. ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hills Like White Elephants 344 While waiting for a train, a man and woman reluctantly discuss an urgent situation. ALICE MUNRO The Found Boat 347 After winter snows have melted in a small Canadian community, young people start making discoveries about themselves. FRANK O'CONNOR First Confession 354 Jackie as a young man tells about his first childhood experience with confession. DANIEL OROZCO Orientation 359 A new employee is introduced to the rather unusual and surprising situations in the office. JOHN UPDIKE A & P 363 As a checkout clerk at the A & P near the local beaches, Sammy learns about the consequences of a difficult choice. Writing About Tone and Style 367 / Illustrative Student Essay: Frank O'Connor's Control of Tone and Style in "First Confession" 370 Writing Topics About Tone and Style 374 7 SYMBOLISM AND ALLEGORY: KEYS TO EXTENDED MEANING 375 Symbolism 375 Allegory 377 Fable, Parable, and Myth 378 Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory 379 STORIES FOR STUDY 380 AESOP The Fox and the Grapes 380 What do people think about things that they can't have? ANONYMOUS The Myth of Atalanta 381 In ancient times, how could a superior woman maintain power and integrity? ANITA SCOTT COLEMAN Unfinished Masterpieces 382 Worthiness cannot rise when it is depressed by poverty and inequality. NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Young Goodman Brown 385 In colonial Salem, Goodman Brown has a bewildering encounter that changes his outlook on life. FRANZ KAFKA A Hunger Artist 393 Public interest wanes even in a unique person. LUKE The Parable of the Prodigal Son 399 Is there any limit to what a person can do to make divine forgiveness impossible? GABRIEL GARCAiA MARQUEZ A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings 400 How do simple villagers respond to a miraculous visitor who appears in their town? KATHERINE ANNE PORTER The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 405 As the end nears, Granny Weatherall has her memories and is surrounded by her loving adult children. xvi JOHN STEINBECK The Chrysanthemums 411 As a housewife on a small ranch, Elisa Allen experiences changes to her sense of self-worth. Writing About Symbolism and Allegory 417 / Illustrative Student Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter's "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall" 421 / Second Illustrative Student Essay (Allegory): The Allegory of Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" 425 Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allegory 430 8 IDEA OR THEME: THE MEANING AND THE MESSAGE IN FICTION 432 Ideas and Assertions 432 Ideas and Issues 432 Ideas and Values 433 The Place of Ideas in Literature 434 How to Find Ideas 435 STORIES FOR STUDY 438 JAMES BALDWIN Sonny's Blues 438 A devoted brother describes how his brother, Sonny, is hurt by racial prejudice, and how Sonny finds fulfillment through love of music. TONI CADE BAMBARA The Lesson 457 When a group of children visits a toy store for the wealthy, some of them draw conclusions about society and themselves. ANTON CHEKHOV The Lady with the Dog 462 Bored with life, Dmitri Gurov meets Anna Sergeyevna and discovers previously unknown emotions and extremely new problems. D. H. LAWRENCE The Horse Dealer's Daughter 471 Dr. Jack Fergusson and Mabel Pervin find, in each other's love, a new reason for being. AMAeRICO PAREDES The Hammon and the Beans 482 Is American liberty restricted to people of only one group, or is it for everyone? Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction 486 / Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealer's Daughter"as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment is Essential in Life 488 Writing Topics About Ideas 492 9 A CAREER IN FICTION: FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR ALLAN POE WITH CRITICAL READINGS FOR RESEARCH 493 POE'S LIFE AND CAREER 493 Poe's Work as a Journalist and Writer of Fiction 494 Poe's Reputation 496 Bibliographic Sources 497 Writing Topics About Poe 498 FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR A. POE (IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER) The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) 499 The Masque of the Red Death (1842) 510 The Black Cat (1843) 513 The Cask of Amontillado (1846) 519 Edited Selections from Criticism of Poe's Stories 523 1. Poe's Irony 523 / 2.The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Fall of the House of Usher" 524 / 3. "The Fall of the House of Usher" 526 / 4."The Black Cat"and "The Tell-Tale Heart" 527 / 5."The Masque of the Red Death" 527 / 6. Symbolism in "The Masque of the Red Death" 527 / 7."The Masque of the Red Death "as Representative of a "Diseased Age" 528 / 8. Sources and Analogues of "The Cask of Amontillado" 528 / 9. Poe's Idea of Unity and "The Fall of the House of Usher" 536 / 10.The Narrators of "The Cask of Amontillado"and "The Black Cat" 537 / 11. Poe,Women, and "The Fall of the House of Usher" 540 / 12.The Deceptive Narrator of "The Black Cat" 541 10 SEVEN STORIES FOR ADDITIONAL ENJOYMENT AND STUDY 543 JOHN CHIOLES Before the Firing Squad 543 During World War II, in Nazi-occupied Greece, a young German soldier learns the importance of personal obligations. STEPHEN CRANE The Open Boat 548 In this story of survival, the narrator tells of "the subtle brotherhood of men that was here established on the seas." ANDRE DUBUS The Curse 563 A man who has witnessed a gang attack on a defenseless woman experiences deep anguish and self-reproach. CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN The Yellow Wallpaper 566 Who is the woman who is trying to emerge from behind the yellow wallpaper? FLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find 576 "The grandmother didn't want to go to Florida. She wanted to visit some of her connections in east Tennessee..." TILLIE OLSEN I Stand Here Ironing 586 "My wisdom came too late." PETRONIUS (GAIUS PETRONIUS ARBITER) The Widow of Ephesus 591 A young widow learns what it takes to save her newly found love. 10A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON FICTION 594 Selecting a Topic 594 Setting up a Bibliography 596 Online Library Services 597 Important Considerations About Computer-Aided Research 598 Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material 599 Being Creative and Original While Doing Research 605 Documenting Your Work 607 Strategies for Organizing Ideas in Your Research Essay 611 Plagiarism: An Embarrassing but Vital Subject--and a Danger to be Overcome 612 Illustrative Student Essay Using Research: The Structure of Katherine Mansfield's "Miss Brill" 614 Writing Topics About How to Undertake Research Essays 622 PART III Readingand Writing About Poetry 623 11 MEETING POETRY: AN OVERVIEW 624 The Nature of Poetry 624 BILLY COLLINS Schoolsville 624 LISEL MUELLER Hope 626 ROBERT HERRICK Here a Pretty Baby Lies 627 Do not disturb the sleep of this sweet child. Poetry of the English Language 628 How to Read a Poem 629 Studying Poetry 631 ANONYMOUS Sir Patrick Spens 631 POEMS FOR STUDY 634 GWENDOLYN BROOKS The Mother 634 EMILY DICKINSON Because I Could Not Stop for Death 635 ROBERT FRANCIS Catch 636 ROBERT FROST Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 637 THOMAS HARDY The Man He Killed 637 JOY HARJO Eagle Poem 638 RANDALL JARRELL The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 639 BEN JONSON On My First Daughter 640 EMMA LAZARUS The New Colossus 640 LOUIS MACNEICE Snow 641 JIM NORTHRUP Ogichidag 642 NAOMI SHIHAB NYE Where Children Live 642 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments 643 PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY To -- ["Music, When Soft Voices Die"] 644 ELAINE TERRANOVA Rush Hour 644 Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem 645 / Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed" 646 Writing an Explication of a Poem 647 / Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed" 649 Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry 652 12 WORDS: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF POETRY 653 Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract 653 Levels of Diction 654 Special Types of Diction 655 Syntax 656 Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word 657 Denotation and Connotation 658 ROBERT GRAVES The Naked and the Nude 660 Word choices have profound effects on our perceptions. POEMS FOR STUDY 661 WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb 661 ROBERT BURNS Green Grow the Rashes, O 662 LEWIS CARROLL Jabberwocky 663 HAYDEN CARRUTH An Apology for Using the Word "Heart" in Too Many Poems 664 E. E. CUMMINGS next to of course god america i 665 JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God 666 RICHARD EBERHART The Fury of Aerial Bombardment 667 BART EDELMAN Chemistry Experiment 667 THOMAS GRAY Sonnet on the Death of Richard West 668 JANE HIRSHFIELD The Lives of the Heart 669 A. E. HOUSMAN Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now 670 CAROLYN KIZER Night Sounds 671 DENISE LEVERTOV Of Being 672 EUGENIO MONTALE English Horn (Corno Inglese) 672 JUDITH ORTIZ [COFER] Latin Women Pray 673 HENRY REED Naming of Parts 674 EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Richard Cory 675 THEODORE ROETHKE Dolor 676 STEPHEN SPENDER I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great 676 WALLACE STEVENS Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock 677 MARK STRAND Eating Poetry 677 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud) 678 Writing About Diction and Syntax in Poetry 679 / Illustrative Student Essay: Diction and Character in Robinson's 'Richard Cory' 681 Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry 684 13 CHARACTERS AND SETTING: WHO, WHAT, WHERE, ANDWHEN IN POETRY 686 Characters in Poetry 686 ANONYMOUS Western Wind, When Wilt Thou Blow? 687 ANONYMOUS Bonny George Campbell 687 BEN JONSON Drink to Me, Only, with Thine Eyes 689 BEN JONSON To the Reader 690 Setting and Character in Poetry 692 LISEL MUELLER Alive Together 692 POEMS FOR STUDY 694 MATTHEWARNOLD DoverBeach694 WILLIAM BLAKE London 695 ELIZABETH BREWSTER Where I Come From 696 ROBERT BROWNING My Last Duchess 697 WILLIAM COWPER The Poplar Field 699 ALLEN GINSBERG A Further Proposal 699 LOUISE GLA CK Snowdrops 700 THOMAS GRAY Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 701 THOMAS HARDY The Ruined Maid 704 DORIANNE LAUX The Life of Trees 705 C. DAY LEWIS Song 707 ROBERT LOWELL Memories of West Street and Lepke 707 CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 709 JOYCE CAROL OATES Loving 710 SIR WALTER RALEGH The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd 711 CHRISTINA ROSSETTI A Christmas Carol 712 JANE SHOREA Letter Sent to Summer 713 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey 714 JAMES WRIGHT A Blessing 717 Writing About Character and Setting in Poetry 718 / Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of the Duke in Browning's "My Last Duchess" 721 Writing Topics About Character and Setting in Poetry 725 14 IMAGERY: THE POEM'S LINK TO THE SENSES 726 Responses and the Writer's Use of Detail 726 The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes 727 Types of Imagery 727 JOHN MASEFIELD Cargoes 728 What do cargo-bearing ships tell us about the past and the present? WILFRED OWEN Anthem for Doomed Youth 729 ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish 730 POEMS FOR STUDY 733 ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me 733 SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE Kubla Khan 734 T. S. ELIOT Preludes 735 SUSAN GRIFFIN Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields 737 THOMAS HARDY Channel Firing 738 GEORGE HERBERT The Pulley 740 GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Spring 740 A. E. HOUSMAN On Wenlock Edge 741 DENISE LEVERTOV A Time Past 742 THOMAS LUX The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently 743 EUGENIO MONTALE Buffalo(Buffalo) 744 MARIANNE MOORE The Fish 745 PABLO NERUDA Every Day You Play 746 EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro 747 MIKLA"S RADNA"TI Forced March 748 FRIEDRICH RA CKERT If You Love for the Sake of Beauty 749 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 130: My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun 749 JAMES TATE Dream On 750 DAVID WOJAHN "It's Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It": The Fall of Saigon 751 Writing About Imagery 752 / Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in T. S. Eliot's "Preludes" 754 Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry 758 15 FIGURES OF SPEECH, OR METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE: A SOURCE OF DEPTH AND RANGE IN POETRY 760 Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech 760 Characteristics of Metaphorical Language 762 JOHN KEATS On First Looking into Chapman's Homer 762 Vehicle and Tenor 763 Other Figures of Speech 764 JOHN KEATS Bright Star 765 A distant star is a guide for constancy in love. JOHN GAY Let Us Take the Road 767 POEMS FOR STUDY 768 JACK AGA EROS Sonnet for You, Familiar Famine 768 WILLIAM BLAKE The Tyger 769 ROBERT BURNS A Red, Red Rose 770 JOHN DONNE A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 771 JOHN DRYDEN A Song for St. Cecilia's Day 772 ABBIE HUSTON EVANS The Iceberg Seven-Eighths Under 774 THOMAS HARDY The Convergence of the Twain 775 JOY HARJO Remember 777 JOHN KEATS To Autumn 778 MAURICE KENNY Legacy 779 JANE KENYON Let Evening Come 780 HENRY KING Sic Vita 781 ROBERT LOWELL Skunk Hour 781 JUDITH MINTY Conjoined 783 PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me 784 MARGE PIERCY A Work of Artifice 785 MURIEL RUKEYSER Looking at Each Other 786 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? 787 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought 787 ELIZABETH TUDOR, QUEEN ELIZABETH I On Monsieur's Departure 788 MONA VAN DUYN Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri 789 WALT WHITMAN Facing West from California's Shores 790 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH London, 1802 790 SIR THOMAS WYATT I Find No Peace 791 Writing About Figures of Speech 792 / Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth's Use of Overstatement in "London, 1802" 795 / Illustrative Student Essay: A Study of Shakespeare's Metaphors in Sonnet 30: "When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought" 796 Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry 798 16 TONE: THE CREATION OF ATTITUDE IN POETRY 800 Tone, Choice, and Response 800 CORNELIUS WHUR The First-Rate Wife 801 Tone and the Need for Control 802 WILFRED OWEN Dulce et Decorum Est 802 Tone and Common Grounds of Assent 803 Tone in Conversation and Poetry 804 Tone and Irony 804 THOMAS HARDY The Workbox 805 Tone and Satire 807 ALEXANDER POPE Epigram from the French 807 The speaker presents a stinging and ironic insult. ALEXANDER POPE Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness 808 POEMS FOR STUDY 808 WILLIAM BLAKE On Another's Sorrow 809 JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father's World 810 LUCILLE CLIFTON homage to my hips 811 BILLY COLLINS The Names 812 E. E. CUMMINGS she being Brand /-new 813 BART EDELMAN Trouble 814 MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman 815 SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break 817 WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY When You Are Old 817 DAVID IGNATOW The Bagel 818 YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Facing It 819 ABRAHAM LINCOLN My Childhood's Home 820 PAT MORA La Migra 821 SHARONOLDS The Planned Child 822 ROBERT PINSKY Dying 823 ALEXANDER POPE from Epilogue to the Satires Dialogue I 824 SALVATORE QUASAiMODO Auschwitz825 ANNE RIDLER Nothing Is Lost 827 THEODORE ROETHKE My Papa's Waltz 828 JANE SHOREA Letter Sent to Summer 829 JONATHAN SWIFT A Description of the Morning 830 DAVID WAGONER My Physics Teacher 830 C. K. WILLIAMS Dimensions 831 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper 832 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS When You Are Old 833 Writing About Tone in Poetry 834 / Illustrative Student Essay: The Speaker's Attitudes in Sharon Olds's "The Planned Child" 836 Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry 839 17 PROSODY: SOUND, RHYTHM, AND RHYME IN POETRY 841 Important Definitions for Studying Prosody 841 Segments: Individually Meaningful Sounds 843 Poetic Rhythm 844 The Major Metrical Feet 845 Special Meters 848 Substitution 848 Accentual Strong-Stress, and "Sprung"Rhythms 849 The Caesura: The Pause Creating Variety and Natural Rhythms in Poetry 849 Segmental Poetic Devices 851 Rhyme: The Duplication and Similarity of Sounds 852 Rhyme and Meter 853 Rhyme Schemes 856 POEMS FOR STUDY 856 GWENDOLYN BROOKS We Real Cool 857 ROBERT BROWNING Porphyria's Lover 858 EMILY DICKINSON To Hear an Oriole Sing 859 JOHN DONNE The Sun Rising 860 T. S. ELIOT Macavity: The Mystery Cat 861 RALPH WALDO EMERSON ConcordHymn 863 ISABELLA GARDNER At a Summer Hotel 863 ROBERT HERRICK Upon Julia's Voice 864 GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS God's Grandeur 864 JOHN HALL INGHAM George Washington 865 PHILIP LEVINE A Theory of Prosody 866 HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW The Sound of the Sea 866 HERMAN MELVILLE Shiloh: A Requiem 867 OGDENNASH Very Like a Whale 868 EDGAR ALLAN POE Annabel Lee 869 EDGAR ALLAN POE The Bells 870 ALEXANDER POPE From An Essay on Man Epistle I 873 WYATT PRUNTY March 875 EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Miniver Cheevy 876 CHRISTINA ROSSETTI Echo 877 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou May'st in Me Behold 878 PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ode to the West Wind 878 ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON From Idylls of the King: The Passing of Arthur 881 DAVID WAGONER March for a One-Man Band 882 Writing About Prosody 883 Referring to Sounds in Poetry 886 First Illustrative Student Essay: Rhyme, Rhythm, and Sound in Browning's "Porphyria's Lover" 887 / Second Illustrative Student Essay: The Rhymes and Repeated Words in Christina Rossetti's "Echo" 892 Writing Topics About Rhythm and Rhyme in Poetry 895 18 FORM: THE SHAPE OF POEMS 897 Closed-Form Poetry 897 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Fragment from The Prelude 898 ALEXANDER POPE Fragment from The Rape of the Locke 898 ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON The Eagle 899 JOHN MILTON Fragment from Lycidas 902 ANONYMOUS Spun in High, Dark Clouds 903 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds 904 No matter what happens, true love does not change. Open-Form Poetry 905 WALT WHITMAN Reconciliation 906 Visualizing Poetry: Poetry and Artistic Expression: Visual Poetry, Concrete Poetry, and Prose Poems 907 E. E. CUMMINGS BuffaloBill's Defunct 908 GEORGE HERBERT Colossians 3:3 (Our Life is Hid With Christ in God) 909 GEORGE HERBERT Easter Wings 910 CHARLES HARPER WEBB The Shape of History 911 JOHN HOLLANDER Swan and Shadow 912 WILLIAM HEYEN Mantle 913 MAY SWENSON Women 914 CAROLYN FORCHAe The Colonel 915 POEMS FOR STUDY 916 ELIZABETH BISHOP One Art 916 BILLY COLLINS Sonnet 917 JOHN DRYDEN To the Memory of Mr. Oldham 918 ROBERTFROST DesertPlaces 918 ALLEN GINSBERG A Supermarket in California 919 NIKKI GIOVANNI Nikki-Rosa 920 ROBERTHASS Museum921 GEORGE HERBERT Virtue 922 JOHN KEATS Ode to a Nightingale 923 CLAUDE MCKAY In Bondage 925 JOHN MILTON On His Blindness (When I Consider How My Light Is Spent) 926 DUDLEY RANDALL Ballad of Birmingham 927 THEODORE ROETHKE The Waking 928 GEORGE WILLIAM RUSSELL (A ) Continuity 929 PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Ozymandias 929 DYLAN THOMAS Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 930 JEAN TOOMER Reapers 931 PHYLLIS WEBB Poetics Against the Angel of Death 931 WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Dance 932 Writing About Form in Poetry 933 / Illustrative Student Essay: Form and Meaning in George Herbert's "Virtue" 935 Writing Topics About Poetic Form 938 19 SYMBOLISM AND ALLUSION: WINDOWS TOWIDE EXPANSES OF MEANING 940 Symbolism and Meanings 940 VIRGINIA SCOTT Snow 942 Tradition of place gives permanence to life. The Function of Symbolism in Poetry 943 Allusions and Meaning 945 Studying for Symbols and Allusions 946 POEMS FOR STUDY 947 EMILY BRONTAi No Coward Soul Is Mine 948 AMYCLAMPITT BeachGlass 949 ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth 950 PETER DAVISON III Delphi951 JOHN DONNE The Canonization 952 STEPHEN DUNN Hawk 954 ISABELLA GARDNER Collage of Echoes 955 DAN GEORGAKIS HiroshimaCrewman 955 LOUISE GLA CK Celestial Music 956 JORIE GRAHAM The Geese 957 THOMAS HARDY In Time of "The Breaking of Nations" 958 GEORGE HERBERT The Collar 959 JOSEPHINE JACOBSEN Tears 960 ROBINSON JEFFERS The Purse-Seine 961 JOHN KEATS La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad 963 X. J. KENNEDY Old Men Pitching Horseshoes 965 TED KOOSER Year's End 965 PHILIP LARKIN Next, Please 966 DAVID LEHMAN VeniceIs Sinking 967 ANDREW MARVELL To His Coy Mistress 968 MARY OLIVER Wild Geese 969 GARY SNYDER Milton by Firelight 970 JUDITH VIORST A Wedding Sonnet for the Next Generation 971 WALT WHITMAN A Noiseless Patient Spider 972 RICHARD WILBUR Year's End 973 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS The Second Coming 974 Writing About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry 975 / Illustrative Student Essay: Symbolism in Oliver's "Wild Geese" 978 Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allusion 981 20 MYTHS: SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLIC ALLUSION IN POETRY 983 Mythology as an Explanation of How Things Are 983 Mythology and Literature 986 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS Leda and the Swan 988 We have the power to live, but do we have the knowledge? MONA VAN DUYN Leda 989 Has the story of Leda been understood and properly told by male poets? Six Poems Related to the Myth of Odysseus 990 POEMS FOR STUDY 991 LOUISE GLA CK Penelope's Song 991 W. S. MERWIN Odysseus 992 DOROTHY PARKER Penelope 993 LINDA PASTAN The Suitor 993 ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON Ulysses 994 PETER ULISSE Odyssey: 20 Years Later 996 Six Poems Related to the Myth of Icarus 997 POEMS FOR STUDY 997 BRIAN ALDISS Flight 063 997 W. H. AUDEN Musee des Beaux Arts 998 EDWARD FIELD Icarus 999 MURIEL RUKEYSER Waiting for Icarus 1000 ANNE SEXTON To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph 1001 WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS Landscape with the Fall of Icarus 1002 Four Poems Related to the Myth of Orpheus 1003 POEMS FOR STUDY 1003 EDWARD HIRSCH The Swimmers 1004 RAINER MARIA RILKE The Sonnets to Orpheus, 1.19 1004 MARK STRAND Orpheus Alone 1005 ELLEN BRYANT VOIGT Song and Story 1007 Three Poems Related to the Myth of the Phoenix 1008 POEMS FOR STUDY 1008 AMY CLAMPITT Berceuse 1009 DENISE LEVERTOV Hunting the Phoenix 1009 MAY SARTON The Phoenix Again 1010 Two Poems Related to the Myth of Oedipus 1011 POEMS FOR STUDY 1011 MURIEL RUKEYSER Myth 1012 JOHN UPDIKE On the Way to Delphi 1012 Three Poems Related to the Myth of Pan 1013 POEMS FOR STUDY 1013 E. E. CUMMINGS in Just- 1014 JOHN CHIPMAN FARRAR Song for a Forgotten Shrine to Pan 1015 ROBERT FROST Pan with Us 1015 Writing About Myths in Poetry 1016 / Illustrative Student Essay: Myth and Meaning in Dorothy Parker's "Penelope" 1018 Writing Topics About Myths in Poetry 1022 21 FOUR MAJOR AMERICAN POETS: EMILY DICKINSON, ROBERT FROST, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND SYLVIA PLATH 1023 EMILY DICKINSON'S LIFE AND WORK 1023 Writing Topics About the Poetry of Emily Dickinson 1028 POEMS BY EMILY DICKINSON (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED) After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes (J341, F372) 1029 Because I Could Not Stop for Death (J712, F479) (Included in Chapter 11, p. 635) The Bustle in a House (J1078, F1108) 1030 The Heart Is the Capital of the Mind (J1354, F1381) 1030 I Cannot Live with You (J640, F706) 1030 I Died for Beauty -- But Was Scarce (J449, F448) 1031 I Dwell in Possibility (F466, J657) 1032 I Felt a Funeral in My Brain (J280, F340) 1032 I Heard a Fly Buzz -- When I Died (J465, F491) 1033 I Like to See It Lap the Miles (J585, F383) 1033 I'm Nobody! Who Are You? (J288, F260) 1033 I Never Lost as Much but Twice (J49, F39) 1034 I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed (J214, F207) 1034 Much Madness Is Divinest Sense (J435, F620) 1034 My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close (J1732, F1773) 1035 My Triumph Lasted Till the Drums (J1227, F1212) 1035 One Need Not Be a Chamber -- To Be Haunted (J670, F407) 1035 Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers (J216, F124) 1036 Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church (J324, F236) 1036 The Soul Selects Her Own Society (J303, F409) 1037 Success Is Counted Sweetest (J67, F112) 1037 Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant (J1129, F1263) 1037 There's a Certain Slant of Light (J258, F320) 1037 To Hear an Oriole Sing (J526, F402) (Included in Chapter 17 p. 859) Wild Nights -- Wild Nights! (J249, F269) 1038 Edited Selections from Criticism of Dickinson's Poems 1038 1. From "Orthodox Modernisms" 1039 / 2."The Landscape of the Spirit" 1044 / 3. From "The American Plain Style" 1048 / 4. From "The Histrionic Imagination" 1050 / 5. From "The Gothic Mode" 1053 ROBERT FROST'S LIFE AND WORK 1058 Writing Topics About the Poetry of Robert Frost 1062 POEMS BY ROBERT FROST (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED) The Tuft of Flowers (1913) 1063 Pan with Us (in Chapter 20, p. 1015) 1065 Mending Wall (1914) 1065 Birches (1915) 1066 The Road Not Taken (1915) 1067 "Out, Out--" (1916) 1067 The Oven Bird (1916) 1068 Fire and Ice (1920) 1068 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923) (In Chapter 11, p. 637) 1069 Misgiving (1923) 1069 Nothing Gold Can Stay (1923) 1069 Acquainted with the Night (1928) 1069 Desert Places (1936) (In Chapter 18, p. 918) Design (1936) 107 The Silken Tent (1936) 1070 The Gift Outright (1941) 1071 A Considerable Speck (1942) 1071 Take Something Like a Star (1943) 1072 LANGSTON HUGHES' LIFE AND WORK 1072 Writing Topics About the Poetry of Langston Hughes 1075 POEMS OF LANGSTON HUGHES (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED) Bad Man 1076 Cross 1077 Dead in There 1077 Dream Variations 1078 Harlem1078 Let America Be America Again 1078 Madam and Her Madam 1080 Negro 1081 The Negro Speaks of Rivers 1082 125th Street1082 Po' Boy Blues 1082 Silhouette 1083 Subway Rush Hour 1083 Theme for English B 1083 The Weary Blues 1084 SYLVIA PLATH'S LIFE AND WORK 1085 Writing Topics About the Poetry of Sylvia Plath 1089 POEMS OF SYLVIA PLATH (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED) Ariel 1090 The Colossus 1091 Cut 1092 Daddy 1093 Edge 1095 The Hanging Man 1096 Lady Lazarus 1096 Last Words 1098 Metaphors 1099 Mirror 1099 The Rival 1100 Song for a Summer's Day 1100 Tulips 1101 22 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEEN POEMS FOR ADDITIONAL ENJOYMENT AND STUDY 1103 MAYA ANGELOU My Arkansas 1106 ANONYMOUS (NAVAJO) Healing Prayer from the Beautyway Chant 1106 ANONYMOUS Lord Randal 1107 MARGARET ATWOOD Variation on the Word Sleep 1108 W. H. AUDEN The Unknown Citizen 1108 WENDELL BERRY Another Descent 1109 LOUISE BOGAN Women 1110 ARNA BONTEMPS A Black Man Talks of Reaping 1110 ANNE BRADSTREET To My Dear and Loving Husband 1111 GWENDOLYN BROOKS Primer for Blacks 1111 ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese: Number 43, How Do I Love Thee 1113 ROBERT BROWNING Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister 1113 WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe 1115 GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON The Destruction of Sennacherib 1116 NEW GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON She Walks in Beauty 1116 LEONARD COHEN "The killers that run ..." 1117 BILLY COLLINS Days 1118 FRANCES CORNFORD From a Letter to America on a Visit to Sussex: Spring 1942 1118 STEPHEN CRANE Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War Is Kind 1119 ROBERT CREELEY "Do you think ..." 1120 E. E. CUMMINGS if there are any heavens 1121 CARL DENNIS The God Who Loves You 1121 JOHN DONNE The Good Morrow 1122 JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud 1123 JOHN DONNE A Hymn to God the Father 1123 PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR Sympathy [I Know What the Caged Bird Feels] 1124 T. S. ELIOT The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 1124 JAMES EMANUEL The Negro 1128 LYNN EMANUEL Like God 1128 CHIEF DAN GEORGE The Beauty of the Trees 1130 NIKKI GIOVANNI Woman 1130 NIKKI GIOVANNI Poetry 1131 MARILYN HACKER Sonnet Ending with a Film Subtitle 1132 DANIEL HALPERN Snapshot of Hue 1132 DANIEL HALPERN Summer in the Middle Class 1133 H. S. (SAM) HAMOD Leaves 1134 FRANCES E. W. HARPER She's Free! 1135 MICHAEL S. HARPER Called 1135 ROBERT HASS Spring Rain 1136 ROBERT HAYDEN Those Winter Sundays 1137 ROBERT HERRICK To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 1137 WILLIAM HEYEN The Hair: Jacob Korman's Story 1138 A. D. HOPE Advice to Young Ladies 1138 GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Pied Beauty 1139 GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS The Windhover 1140 CAROLINAHOSPITALDear Tia 1140 ROBINSON JEFFERS The Answer 1141 DONALD JUSTICE On the Death of Friends in Childhood 1141 JOHN KEATS Ode on a Grecian Urn 1142 GALWAYKINNELL After Making Love We Hear Footsteps 1144 KATHERINE LARSON Statuary 1144 IRVINGLAYTON RhineBoat Trip 1145 LI-YOUNG LEE A Final Thing 1146 ALAN P. LIGHTMAN In Computers 1147 LIZ LOCHHEAD The Choosing 1148 AUDRE LORDE Every Traveler Has One VermontPoem 1149 AMY LOWELL Patterns 1149 ARCHIBALD MACLEISH Ars Poetica 1152 HEATHER MCHUGH Lines 1153 CLAUDE MCKAY The White City 1153 W. S. MERWIN Listen 1154 EDNA ST.VINCENT MILLAY What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why 1154 N. SCOTT MOMADAY The Bear 1155 MARIANNE MOORE Poetry 1155 LISEL MUELLER Monet Refuses the Operation 1156 HOWARD NEMEROV Life Cycle of Common Man 1157 JIM NORTHRUP wahbegan 1158 MARY OLIVER Ghosts 1159 SIMON ORTIZ A Story of How a Wall Stands 1161 DOROTHY PARKER Resume 1162 LINDA PASTAN Ethics 1162 LINDA PASTAN Marks 1162 MOLLY PEACOCK Desire 1163 MARGE PIERCY The Secretary Chant 1163 EDGAR ALLAN POE The Raven 1164 JOHN CROWE RANSOM Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter 1166 JOHN RAVEN Assailant 1167 ADRIENNE RICH Diving into the Wreck 1167 ALBERTO RAiOS The Vietnam Wall 1169 LUIS OMAR SALINAS In a Farmhouse 1170 SONIA SANCHEZ rite on: white america 1171 CARL SANDBURG Chicago 1172 SIEGFRIED SASSOON Dreamers 1172 GJERTRUD SCHNACKENBERG The Paperweight 1173 ALAN SEEGER I Have a Rendezvous with Death 1173 BRENDA SEROTTE My Mother's Face 1174 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 29: When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes 1175 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 146: Poor Soul, the Center of My Sinful Earth 1175 KARL SHAPIRO Auto Wreck 1175 LESLIEMARMON SILKO WhereMountainLion Lay Down with Deer 1176 STEVIE SMITH Not Waving But Drowning 1177 GARY SOTO Oranges 1178 WILLIAM STAFFORD Traveling Through the Dark 1179 GERALD STERN Burying an Animal on the Way to New York1179 WALLACE STEVENS The Emperor of Ice-Cream 1180 MAY SWENSON Question 1180 DYLAN THOMAS A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London 1181 DANIEL TOBIN My Uncle's Watch 1182 CHASE TWICHELL Blurry Cow 1183 JOHN UPDIKE Perfection Wasted 1183 TINO VILLANUEVA Day-Long Day 1184 JUDITH VIORST True Love 1185 SHELLY WAGNER The Boxes 1185 ALICE WALKER Revolutionary Petunias 1186 EDMUND WALLER Go, Lovely Rose 1187 BRUCE WEIGL Song of Napalm 1188 PHILLIS WHEATLEY On Being Brought from Africa to America1189 WALT WHITMAN Beat! Beat! Drums! 1189 WALT WHITMAN Dirge for Two Veterans 1190 WALT WHITMAN Full of Life Now 1191 WALT WHITMAN I Hear America Singing 1191 JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER The Bartholdi Statue 1191 RICHARD WILBUR April 5, 1974 1192 WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS The Red Wheelbarrow 1193 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS The Wild Swans at Coole 1193 PAUL ZIMMER The Day Zimmer Lost Religion 1194 22A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON POETRY Topics to Discover in Research 1195 / Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: "Beat! Beat! Drums!" and "I Hear AmericaSinging": Two Whitman Poems Spanning the Civil War 1197 PART IV Readingand Writing About Drama 1203 23 THE DRAMATIC VISION: AN OVERVIEW 1204 Drama as Literature 1204 Performance: The Unique Aspect of Drama 1211 Drama from Ancient Times to Our Own: Tragedy, Comedy, and Additional Forms 1215 ANONYMOUS The Visit to the Sepulcher (Visitatio Sepulchri) 1217 How do the Three Marys respond to the news told by the angel? Visualizing Plays 1221 PLAYS FOR STUDY 1224 EDWARD ALBEE The Sandbox 1225 Mommy and Daddy take Grandma to a beach, but they plan more than relaxing in the sun. SUSAN GLASPELL Trifles 1232 In a farmhouse kitchen, the wives of lawmen investigating a murder discover details that compel them to make an urgent decision. BETTY KELLER Tea Party 1245 How do two aged ladies try to invite other people to come in and visit? EUGENE O'NEILL Before Breakfast 1249 What happens to people facing disappointment, anger, alienation, and lost hope? Writing About the Elements of Drama 1256 Referring to Plays and Parts of Plays 1259 Illustrative Student Essay: Eugene O'Neill's Use of Negative Descriptions and Stage Directions in Before Breakfast as a Means of Revealing Character 1260 Writing Topics About the Elements of Drama 1264 24 THE TRAGIC VISION: AFFIRMATION THROUGH LOSS 1265 The Origins of Tragedy 1265 The Ancient Athenian Competitions in Tragedy 1267 The Origin of Tragedy in Brief 1268 Aristotle and the Nature of Tragedy 1270 Aristotle's View of Tragedy in Brief 1274 Irony in Tragedy 1275 The Ancient Athenian Audience and Theater 1276 Ancient Greek Tragic Actors and Their Costumes 1278 Performance and the Formal Organization of Greek Tragedy 1279 PLAYS FOR STUDY 1281 SOPHOCLES Oedipus the King 1281 Can anyone, even a powerful king, evade destiny or his own character? Renaissance Drama and Shakespeare's Theater 1318 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 1322 An initial act of evil is like an infestation. Tragedy from Shakespeare to Arthur Miller 1421 Death of a Salesman: Tragedy, Symbolism, and Broken Dreams 1422 ARTHUR MILLER Death of a Salesman 1424 With all his hopes unfulfilled,Willy Loman still clings to his dreams. Writing About Tragedy 1486 / Illustrative Student Essay: The Problem of Hamlet's Apparent Delay 1490 Writing Topics About Tragedy 1494 25 THE COMIC VISION: RESTORING THE BALANCE 1496 The Origins of Comedy 1496 Comedy from Roman Times to the Renaissance 1499 The Patterns, Characters, and Language of Comedy 1500 Types of Comedy 1502 PLAYS FOR STUDY 1504 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE A Midsummer Night's Dream 1504 The problems of lovers are resolved through the magic of the natural world, not through custom and law. The Life and Theater of Moliere 1559 Love Is the Doctor (L'Amour Medecin): A Comic Farce 1561 MOLIAeRE (Jean Baptiste Poguelin) Love Is the Doctor (L'Amour Medecin) 1563 Things go along other paths than the ones Monsieur Sganarelle chooses Comedy Since Shakespeare and Moliere 1580 ANTON CHEKHOV The Bear, A Joke in One Act 1581 A bachelor and a widow meet and immediately berate each other, but their lives are about to undergo great change. BETH HENLEY Am I Blue 1591 Two young but uncertain souls regain some of the certainty they were losing. Writing About Comedy 1606 / Illustrative Student Essay: Setting as Symbol and Comic Structure in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream 1609 Writing Topics About Comedy 1612 26 VISIONS OF DRAMATIC REALITY AND NONREALITY: VARYING THE IDEA OF DRAMA AS IMITATION 1614 Realism and Nonrealism in Drama 1614 Elements of Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama 1617 PLAYS FOR STUDY 1619 Langston Hughes Biography 1619 Hughes and the African American Theater after 1920 1620 Hughes's Career as a Dramatist 1620 Mulatto and the Reality of the Southern Black Experience 1621 LANGSTON HUGHES Mulatto 1622 On a Southern plantation in the 1930s, a young man tries to assert his rights, but there are those who will not grant him any rights at all. TENNESSEEWILLIAMS The Glass Menagerie 1643 Tom would like to escape the memory of his home life, in which he finds only confusion and entrapment. August Wilson Biography 1692 The Background of Fences 1693 AUGUST WILSON Fences 1695 Troy Maxson, who as a young athlete could knock baseballs over fences, has led a life enclosed by other fences. Writing About Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama 1740 / Illustrative Student Essay: Realism and Nonrealism in Tom's Triple Role in The Glass Menagerie 1743 Writing Topics About Dramatic Reality and Nonreality 1746 27 DRAMATIC VISION ON FILM: FROM THE SILVER SCREEN TO THEWORLD OF DIGITAL FANTASY 1748 A Thumbnail History of Film 1748 Stage Plays and Film 1749 DVD Technology and Film Study 1750 The Aesthetics of Film 1751 The Techniques of Film 1751 TWO FILM SCENES FOR STUDY 1756 ORSON WELLES AND HERMAN J. MANKIEWICZ Shot 71 from the Shooting Script of Citizen Kane 1756 Two friends recognize their irreconcilable differences. ARTHUR LAURENTS A Scene from The Turning Point 1760 Two women find a solution to the problems causing their hostility. NEW Writing About Film 1766 / Illustrative Student Essay:Welles's Citizen Kane: Whittling a Giant Down to Size 1768 Writing Topics About Film 1771 28 HENRIK IBSEN AND THE REALISTIC PROBLEM PLAY: A DOLLHOUSE 1773 Ibsen's Life and Early Work 1773 Ibsen's Major Prose Plays 1774 A Dollhouse: Ibsen's Best-Known Problem Play 1775 Ibsen's Symbolism in A Dollhouse 1775 A Dollhouse as a "Well-Made Play" 1775 The Timeliness and Dramatic Power of A Dollhouse 1776 Bibliographic Studies 1776 HENRIK IBSEN A Dollhouse (Et Dukkehjem) 1777 In their seemingly perfect household, Nora and Torvald discover the severe differences between them. Edited Selections from Criticism of Ibsen's A Dollhouse and Other Plays 1825 1. Freedom,Truth, and Society--Rhetoric and Reality 1825 / 2. Ibsen's Feminist Characters 1830 / 3."A Marxist Approach to A Doll House" 1835 28A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON DRAMA 1839 Topics to Discover in Research 1839 / Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: The Ghost in Hamlet 1840 PART V Special Writing Topics About Literature 1859 29 CRITICAL APPROACHES IMPORTANT IN THE STUDY OF LITERATURE 1854 Moral/Intellectual 1855 Topical/Historical 1856 New Critical/Formalist 1859 Structuralist 1861 Feminist Criticism/Gender Studies/Queer Theory 1863 Economic Determinist/Marxist 1866 Psychological/Psychoanalytic 1869 Archetypal/Symbolic/Mythic 1869 Deconstructionist 1871 Reader-Response 1873 30 COMPARISON-CONTRAST AND EXTENDED COMPARISON-CONTRAST: LEARNING BY SEEING LITERARYWORKS TOGETHER 1876 Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Method 1877 The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay 1880 Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay 1881 / Illustrative Student Essay (Two Works): The Treatment of Responses to War in Amy Lowell's "Patterns"and Wilfred Owen's "Anthem for Doomed Youth" 1883 Illustrative Student Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of the Conflicts Between Private and Public Life 1887 Writing Topics for Comparison and Contrast 1892 31 TAKING EXAMINATIONS ON LITERATURE 1893 Answer the Questions That Are Asked 1893 Systematic Preparation 1895 Two Basic Types of Questions About Literature 1898 APPENDIXES I. MLA RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DOCUMENTING SOURCES 1905 II. BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF THE POETS IN PART III 1916 A GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT LITERARY TERMS 1978 Credits 1979 Index of authors, titles, and first lines