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Smart Membranes and Sensors
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Table of Contents

Preface

Part 1: Sensing Materials for Smart Membranes 1

1 Interfaces Based on Carbon Nanotubes, Ionic Liquids and Polymer Matrices for Sensing and Membrane Separation Applications 3
María Belén Serrano-Santos, Ana Corres Ortega, and Thomas Schäfer

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Ionic Liquid-Carbon Nanotubes Composites for Sensing Interfaces 5

1.3 Ionic Liquid Interfaces for Detection and Separation of Gases and Solvents 11

1.4 Ionic Liquid-Polymer Interfaces for Membrane Separation Processes 16

1.5 Conclusions 18

Acknowledgement 19

References 19

2 Photo-Responsive Hydrogels for Adaptive Membranes 21
David Díaz Díaz and Jeremiah A. Johnson

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Photo-Responsive Hydrogel Membranes 23

2.3 Photo-Thermally Responsive Hydrogel Membranes 44

2.4 Summary 46

2.5 Acknowledgements 48

Abbreviations 48

References 49

3 Smart Vesicles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications 53
Jung-Keun Kim, Chang-Soo Lee, and Eunji Lee

3.1 Introduction 53

3.2 Synthesis of Soft Vesicles 54

3.3 Synthesis of Hard Vesicles 64

3.4  Characterization of Vesicular Structures 68

3.5 Stimuli-Responsive Behaviors of Vesicular Structures 72

3.6  Application of Vesicles 78

3.7 Conclusions 91

Acknowledgment 92

References 92

Part 2: Stimuli-Responsive  Interfaces 105

4 Computational Modeling of Sensing Membranes and Supramolecular Interactions 107
Giacomo Saielli

4.1 Introduction 107

4.2 Non-covalent Interactions: A Physical and a Chemical View 109

4.3 Physical Interactions 109

4.4 Chemical Interactions 114

4.5 Computational Methods for Supramolecular Interactions 117

4.6 Classical Force Fields 127

4.7 Conclusions 139

References 140

5 Sensing Techniques Involving Thin Films for Studying Biomolecular Interactions and Membrane Fouling Phenomena 145
Gabriela Diaconu and Thomas Schäfer

5.1 Introduction 145

5.2 Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring (QCM-D) 146

5.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 148

5.4 Applications of SPR and QCM-D 151

5.5 Conclusions 159

Acknowledgements 160

References 160

6 Smart Membrane Surfaces: Wettability Amplification and Self-Healing 161
Annarosa Gugliuzza

6.1 Introduction 161

6.2 Basics of surface wettability 162

6.3 Amplified Wettability 164

6.4 Actuation Mechanisms 165

6.5 Self-Powered Liquid Motion 170

6.6 Self-Cleaning Mechanisms 172

6.7 Self-Healing Concepts And Strategies 175

6.8 Repairable Surface Properties 177

6.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 179

References 180

7 Model Bio-Membranes Investigated by AFM and AFS: A Suitable Tool to Unravel Lipid Organization and their Interaction with Proteins 185
Andrea Alessandrini and Paolo Facci

7.1 Introduction 186

7.2 Supported Lipid Bilayers 189

7.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Phase Behavior of Slbs 199

7.4 Atomic Force Spectroscopy (AFS) of Supported Lipid Bilayers 205

7.5 Lipid/Protein Interactions 213

7.6 Conclusions 218

References 218

Part 3: Directed Molecular Separation 227

8 Self-Assembled Nanoporous Membranes for Controlled Drug Release and Bioseparation 229

Dominique Scalarone, Pierangiola Bracco, and Francesco Trotta

8.1 Introduction 229

8.2 General Aspects of Block Copolymer Self-Assembly 231

8.3 Block Copolymer Based Membranes 233

8.4 Fabrication of Nanoporous Membranes Derived from Block Copolymers 234

8.5 Tunability of Surface Properties 242

8.6 Application of Block Copolymer Derived Membranes to Bioseparation and Controlled Drug Release 244

8.7 Conclusion 250

References 250

Abbreviations 253

9 Hybrid Mesoporous Silica for Drug Targeting 255
Luigi Pasqua, Piluso Rosangela, Ilenia Pelaggi, and Catia Morelli

9.1 Introduction 256

9.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Bifunctional Hybrid Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Potentially
Useful for Drug Targeting 257

9.3 Drug-Loaded Folic-Acid-Grafted Msns Specifically Target FR Expressing Tumour Cells [16] 260

9.4 Conclusion 266

References 268

10 Molecular Recognition-driven Membrane Processes 269
Laura Donato, Rosalinda Mazzei, Catia Algieri, Emma Piacentini, Teresa Poerio, and Lidietta Giorno

10.1 Molecular Imprinting Technique 270

10.2 Affinity Membranes 275

10.3 Cyclodextrins As Molecular Recognition Elements 281

10.4 Zeolite Membranes as Molecular Recognition Devices: Preparation and Characterization 283

10.5 Functionalized Particles-loaded Membranes For Selective Separation Based On Molecular Recognition 287

10.6 Biphasic Enzyme Membrane Systems with Enantioselective Recognition Properties ror Kinetic Resolution 291

10.7 Membrane Surface Modification 292

References 296

Part 4: Membrane Sensors and Challenged Applications 301

11 Electrospun Membranes for Sensors Applications 303

Pierangiola Bracco, Dominique Scalarone, and Francesco Trotta

11.1 Introduction 303

11.2 Basic Principles of Electrospinning 304

11.3 Control of the Electrospinning Process 306

11.4 Application of Electrospun Materials to Ultrasensitive Sensors 311

11.5 Conclusions 329

Abbreviations 330

References 330

12 Smart Sensing Scaffolds 337
Carmelo De Maria, Yudan Whulanza, Giovanni Vozzi, and Arti Ahluwalia

12.1 Introduction 337

12.2 Composite Sensing Biomaterial Preparation 339

12.3 Composite Sensing Biomaterial Characterisation 340

12.4 SWNTs-Based Composite Films Structural Properties 341

12.5 Tensile Properties of SWNTs-Based Composite Films 343

12.6 Electrical Properties of SWNTs-Based Composites Films 348

12.7 Electromechanical Characterisation and Strain-Dependence Measurement 350

12.8 Cell Sensing Scaffolds 352

12.9 Processing of CNT Composite: Microfabrication of Sensing Scaffold 360

12.10 Conclusions 361

References 362

13 Nanostructured Sensing Emulsion Droplets and Particles: Properties and Formulation by Membrane Emulsification 367
Emma Piacentini, Alessandra Imbrogno, and Lidietta Giorno

13.1 Introduction 367

13.2 Emulsions and Emulsification Methods 370

13.3 Senging Particles Produced by Membrane-Based Process 389

13.4 Conclusions 397

References 398

14 Membranes for Ultra-Smart Textiles 401
Annarosa Gugliuzza and Enrico Drioli

14.1 Introduction 401

14.2 Membranes and Comfort 403

14.3 Adaptive Membranes for Smart Textiles 407

14.4 Barrier Functions of Membranes 411

14.5 Membrane Materials for Self-cleaning Function 413

14.6 Interactive Membranes for Wearable Electronics 414

14.7 Conclusions and Prospects 415

References 416




About the Author

Dr Annarosa Gugliuzza received her PhD in chemical science in 1999 and since 2001 is a senior researcher at the Institute of the Membrane Technology at the University of Calabria, Italy. She is a membrane technologist with interests in self-assembly technologies for the fabrication of nanocomposite functional membranes with very high levels of organization, structure, dynamics and associated properties, including super-hydrophobicity, super-hydrophilicity, self-cleaning, sensing, separation and catalysis.

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