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Marriages and Families in the 21st Century
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Table of Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii


Walk Through Tour xviii


1 The Changing American Family 1


WHAT IS A FAMILY? 3


FAMILY STRUCTURES VS. FAMILY PROCESSES 8


THE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN FAMILIES 16


THE APPROACH AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK 28


2 How We Study the Family: Theories and Research Methods
31


OVERVIEW: THE NEED FOR GOOD THEORY AND RESEARCH DESIGN 33


THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS 33


RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 47


DEMOGRAPHIC ISSUES IN RESEARCH 57


3 Sex and Gender 67


OVERVIEW: A BIOECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO SEX AND GENDER 70


WHAT?S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX AND GENDER? 70


THE IMPORTANCE OF GENDER FOR LIVING IN FAMILIES 72


GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION 75


GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND SEXISM 78


THEORIES OF GENDER ROLE DEVELOPMENT 82


OUR DEVELOPMENT INTO BOYS AND GIRLS AND MEN AND WOMEN 87


4 Sexualities 103


OVERVIEW OF INFLUENCES ON SEXUALITY 105


MACROSYSTEM AND HISTORICAL INFLUENCES ON SEX AND SEXUALITIES
105


TRENDS IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES ABOUT SEX 109


SEX ORGANS: THE WAY THEY WORK AND HOW THINGS GO AWRY 113


SEXUAL ORIENTATION 125


A CLOSER LOOK AT CURRENT ISSUES IN SEXUALITY 129


5 Dating and Mate Selection 141


OVERVIEW OF DATING, HOOKING UP, AND MATE SELECTION 143


A BIOECOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF DATING AND MATE SELECTION 146


THEORIES OF DATING AND MATE SELECTION 155


HISTORICAL TRENDS IN DATING AND MATE SELECTION 159


DIVERSITY IN DATING AND MATE SELECTION 161


CONTEMPORARY TRENDS AROUND THE WORLD 163


6 Love 171


WHAT IS LOVE? 173


IS LOVE UNIVERSAL? 178


BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LOVE 184


THE SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF LOVE: ATTACHMENT THEORY 189


MACROSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON LOVE 193


A FINAL NOTE: ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF LOVE 196


7 Marriages and Committed Partnerships 201


OVERVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY MARRIAGE TRENDS 204


HEALTH BENEFITS OF HAPPY MARRIAGES 207


A HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF MARRIAGE 210


TYPES OF MARRIAGE 212


MARITAL PROBLEMS 231


HEALTHY PROCESSES IN MARRIAGES 234


8 Living Single 243


OVERVIEW OF SINGLEHOOD 245


UNIQUE CHALLENGES FACING SINGLES 246


THE NORMATIVE LIFE CYCLE MODEL 251


THE DIVERSE LIVES OF SINGLE PEOPLE 253


MACROSYSTEM FORCES AGAINST SINGLEHOOD 257


THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OF SINGLE PEOPLE 263


SINGLE THROUGH COMMITMENT TO GOD 267


FINAL REFLECTIONS 271


9 Reproduction and Parenting 275


OVERVIEW: TO PARENT OR NOT TO PARENT 278


HISTORICAL TRENDS IN PARENTING 280


REPRODUCTION AND BIRTH 286


THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 293


INFERTILITY AND CREATIVE WAYS TO BECOME PARENTS 296


PARENTING INFANTS AND CHILDREN 301


THE MANY FACES OF PARENTHOOD 309


COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND THE MACROSYSTEM 318


10 The Economy of Working Families: Balancing Mental,
Physical, and Financial Health in the Twenty-First Century
323


OVERVIEW OF ECONOMIC TRENDS 325


DIVERSITY IN WORK AND FAMILY LIFE 329


BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY 342


LIVING ON THE EXTREMES OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONTINUUM: POVERTY
AND WEALTH 350


11 Families in Crisis: Violence, Abuse, and Neglect
357


OVERVIEW: THE PERVASIVE NATURE OF VIOLENCE 360


ELDER ABUSE AND NEGLECT 361


ANIMAL ABUSE 365


INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE 369


BATTERERS 386


CHILD MALTREATMENT 391


12 Divorce and Remarriage 403


OVERVIEW: TRENDS IN DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE 405


THE COMPLEXITIES OF DIVORCE 411


THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE 415


REDUCING THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF DIVORCE 424


REMARRIAGE 427


13 Growing Older in Families 439


OVERVIEW: CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL BELIEFS ABOUT AGING 441


MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHANGES WITH AGE 444


RETIREMENT 456


FAMILY LIFE ACROSS GENERATIONS 458


14 The Evolution of Families in the Twenty-First Century
471


FIVE KEY IDEAS FOR UNDERSTANDING MARRIAGES AND FAMILIES 473


GENERAL TRENDS IN MULTICULTURALISM 475


GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
477


GLOBALIZATION 480


AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT IMMIGRATION 487


FINAL REFLECTIONS ON THE FUTURE OF FAMILIES 490


Glossary of Key Terms G-1


References R-1


Index I-1

About the Author

Tasha R. Howe is a Fulbright Scholar and Professor of Psychology at Humboldt State University, where she specializes in family violence, developmental psychopathology, and violence prevention. She is also a nationally certified trainer for the American Psychological Association's violence prevention parenting curriculum Parents Raising Safe Kids. She has published numerous scholarly articles in the fields of child maltreatment, program evaluation, and the scholarship of teaching. In 2009, she was recognized for effectively infusing diversity into her teaching by the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, Division 2 of the American Psychological Association.

Reviews

"This well-written text provides a balanced perspective on the contemporary American family. It is scholarly yet accessible to most readers. It is definitive while highlighting areas of controversy. It leads to counsel for family members in crisis while acknowledging the uniqueness of each case." - Kenneth A. Dodge, Duke University "Framed within bioecological theory, this book provides a unique and innovative perspective on marriage and families in the multicultural 21st century. The volume is beautifully and respectfully written and students will greatly enjoy reading it. Tasha Howe has produced a gem for the ages." - Dante Cicchetti, University of Minnesota "Marriages and Families in the 21st Century by Tasha Howe is not just another family textbook. Howe has succeeded in providing a fresh perspective on family issues that is reflective of our time. In this engaging text, she emphasizes contemporary issues such as family diversity and the multi-determined nature of both family functioning and family influence on adults and children. The book will have wide appeal to both students and their instructors for its accessible but scholarly approach. This new entry is a winner!!" - Ross D. Parke, University of California, Riverside "This is an extraordinary and comprehensive textbook that will serve as a benchmark for encouraging and exciting students to learn about and understand marriages and families in our increasingly complex world." - Margaret K. Keiley, Auburn University

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