FOREWORD
The Carbon Offsetting Dilemma
Esteve Corbera
INTRODUCTION
Carbon Offset, Markets, and Social Equity: Trading in Forests to
Save the Planet
Shirley J. Fiske and Stephanie Paladino
SECTION I: FRAMING THE CARBON REGIME IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TRENDS
1. A Genealogy of Exchangeable Nature
James Igoe
2. Profits and Promises: Can Carbon Trading Save Forests and Aid
Development?
Kathleen McAfee
3. Forest Carbon Sinks Prior to REDD: A Brief History of their Role
in the Clean Development Mechanism
María Gutiérrez
4. Justice and Equity in Carbon Offset Governance: Debates and
Dilemmas
Mary Finley-Brook
SECTION II: ACCOUNTING AND ACCOUNTABILITY
5. The Limitations of International Auditing: The Case of the
Norway-Guyana REDD+ Agreement
Janette Bulkan
6. Corporate Carbon Footprinting as Techno-political
Practice
Ingmar Lippert
7. Regulating Fairness in the Design of California’s
Cap-and-Trade Market
Patrick Bigger
SECTION III: NATIONAL AND SUBNATIONAL FRAMINGS
8. Carbon, Carbon Everywhere: How Climate Change is Transforming
Conservation in Costa Rica
Robert Fletcher
9. Customary Landowners, Logging Companies, and Conservationists
in a Decentralized State: The Case of REDD+ and PES in Papua New
Guinea
David Lipset and Bridget Henning
10. Interrogating Public Debates over Jurisdictional REDD+ in
California’s Global Warming Solutions Act: Implications for Social
Equity
Libby Blanchard and Bhaskar Vira
11. Doing REDD+ Work in Vietnam: Will the New Carbon Focus Bring
Equity to Forest Management?
Pamela McElwee
SECTION IV: REDD, RIGHTS, AND EQUITY
12. Renegotiating REDD: Beyond Social Safeguards to Social
Contracts
Michael Brown
13. A Win-Win Scenario? The Prospects for Indigenous Peoples in
Carbon Sequestration: REDD Projects in Brazil
Janet Chernela and Laura Zanotti
14. Equity Concerns During REDD+ Planning and Early
Implementation:
A Case from Malawi
Heather Yocum
15. Lessons from Community Forestry for REDD+ Social
Soundness
Janis B. Alcorn
SECTION V: ALTERNATIVE CONFIGURATIONS OF COMMUNITY AND GOVERNANCE
16. Empowering Forest Dependent Communities: The Role of REDD+
and PES Projects
Mark Poffenberger
17. Climate Mitigation Based in Adaptation: El Salvador's
Restoration of Mangrove Ecosystems, 2011-2013
Fiona Wilmot
18. A Critical Reflection on Social Equity in Ugandan Carbon
Forestry
Adrian Nel
Stephanie Paladino is an environmental anthropologist with the
Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, USA.
Her research focuses on how environmental
governance strengthens equity and sustainability, most
recently in the areas of carbon forestry offset markets, oils
spill response, ecologically protected areas, and the Rio Grande
basin.
Shirley J. Fiske is Research Professor at the University of
Maryland. USA. She is an environmental anthropologist with career
experience in the executive and legislative branches of the US
government in ocean, climate change, and natural resources
management policy and governance. She was awarded the 2016 Solon T.
Kimball Award for public and applied anthropology by the American
Anthropological Association.
“The Carbon Fix provides a much-needed update on the world of REDD+
(Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)
globally. Only now are studies of actual impacts beginning to
emerge. This collection provides timely assessments of the impacts
of REDD+ in its current incarnation. The authors identify the
advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches and
mechanisms, offer a number of practical suggestions for better
future implementation of REDD+, and provide practical warnings
about things that can go awry. This collection, something of a
cautionary tale, contributes significantly to efforts to mitigate
climate change.” Carol J. Pierce Colfer, Center for International
Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
"Climate Change is a ‘wicked’ problem for which there are no simple
answers. REDD and REDD+ approaches have been touted as win-win
strategies for making headway toward a lower carbon world, but the
complex problems with the implementation of these tools have
not--until now-- received the critical attention needed to
determine if and how they might achieve their purpose. The Carbon
Fix is a very important book and essential reading for
policymakers, students, and interdisciplinary scholars concerned
about effective ways to combat climate change in the real world, as
it forces us all to consider the significant social justice issues
that surround these new accounting processes." Sarah Strauss,
University of Wyoming
"This book, compiled by Stephanie Paladino and Shirley J. Fiske, is
an important addition to the REDD+ literature. The carefully
reviewed chapters in a coherent manner depict the work experience
of the editors and authors in a coherent manner. The book has 19
chapters divided into five sections. Most of the chapters authors
are anthropologists by profession; and their contribution
emphasizes the societal implications of carbon offsetting."
S. Suresh Ramanan, writing for Agriculture and Human Values
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