Table of Contents

Preface.

1 Historical Milieu.

1.1 Organophosphorus Nerve Agents.

1.2 Blister Agents.

1.3 Sternutator Agents.

1.4 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).

1.4.1 Schedule of Chemicals.

1.4.2 Destruction of Chemical Weapons.

References.

2 Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agents and their Degradation Products.

2.1 Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Toxicity.

2.1.1 Toxicity Mechanism – Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition.

2.1.2 Exposure.

2.1.3 Response, Treatment and Prevention.

2.2 Toxicity of Nerve Agent Degradation Products.

2.2.1 Toxicity of GA (Tabun) Degradation Products.

2.2.2 Toxicity of GB (Sarin) Degradation Products.

2.2.3 Toxicity of GD (Soman) Degradation Products.

2.2.4 Toxicity of GF (Cyclosarin) Degradation Products.

2.2.5 Toxicity of VX Degradation Products.

2.3 Toxicity of Blister Agents.

2.4 Toxicity of Sternutator Agents.

2.4.1 Toxicity of Degradation Products of Sternutator Agents.

References.

3 Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Minimally Invasive Detection Techniques.

3.3 Separation and Detection Techniques.

3.3.1 Capillary Electrophoresis.

3.3.2 Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

3.3.3 Gas Chromatography (GC)/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).

3.3.4 Liquid Chromatography (LC)/Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).

3.3.5 Desorption Electrospray Ionization and Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry.

References.

4 Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products.

4.1 Analysis of Nerve Agent Degradation Products.

4.1.1 Sample Preparation.

4.1.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction (Pre-concentration).

4.1.3 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE).

4.1.4 Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME).

4.1.5 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE).

4.1.6 Derivatization.

4.2 Analytical Techniques.

4.2.1 Gas Chromatography (GC).

4.2.2 Liquid Chromatography (LC).

4.2.3 Elemental Speciation.

4.2.4 Ion Mobility.

4.2.5 Capillary Electrophoresis.

4.3 Analysis of Sulfur Mustard Degradation Products.

4.4 Analysis of Sternutator Degradation Products.

References.

Appendix.

Index.

About the Author

Karolin K. Kroening, Ph.D. University of Cincinnati,Cincinnati, OH, USA Karolin received her Master s degree in 2006 from theUniversity of Bologna, Italy, for research based onhydroxyapatite/chitosan composites for bone substitution. At theUniversity of Cincinnati her research focused on the identificationand cytotoxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products andprotein phosphorylation studies on cerebral spinal fluid, a studythat may help in the development of drugs for patients diseasedwith a hemorrhagic stroke. She obtained her Ph.D. in December 2010and is currently working for Procter and Gamble in Cincinnati, OH. Renee N. Easter, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,OH, USA Renee Easter earned a B.S. from Xavier University, Cincinnati,in 2007 and is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistryfrom the University of Cincinnati. Her research has focused onmetallomics approaches to identifying proteins associated withcerebral vasospasm, as well as using internal tags, such as sulfurand phosphorus for identification and quantification ofoligonucleotides for siRNA drug applications. Douglas D. Richardson, Ph.D., Merck Research Labs,Rahway, NJ, USA Doug earned his B.S. in Forensic Chemistry with a minor inBiological Sciences from Ohio University in 2003. Followinggraduation Doug pursued his Ph.D. in the laboratory of Joseph A.Caruso at The University of Cincinnati. His research centeredaround advancements in elemental speciation, coupling a variety ofseparation techniques with element specific detection. Thisresearch was the first to utilize chromatographic techniques withinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the analysis ofnerve agent degradation products. In 2007, Doug defended hisdissertation, earning his Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry. Dougcurrently supports the development of novel pharmaceuticals withinMerck Research Labs. Stuart Willison, Ph.D., National Homeland SecurityResearch Center at the US, Environmental Protection Agency,Cincinnati, OH, USA Stuart Willison received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from theUniversity of Cincinnati. He is currently working for the NationalHomeland Security Research Center at the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency in Cincinnati, OH. His work involvesenvironmental restoration following homeland security events, suchas providing support in the detection, response to, and remediationof an area from a terrorist attack or an environmental disaster.Research areas include water protection and indoor/outdoordecontamination as well as method development of chemical warfareagent degradation products in various environmental matrices. Joseph A. Caruso, Professor, University of Cincinnati,Cincinnati, OH, USA Joe Caruso holds a Ph.D. from Michigan State University. Aftera one-year postdoctoral fellowship at The University of Texas Austin, he joined the University of Cincinnati Chemistryfaculty and since then he has authored or co-authored 380scientific publications and presented more than 325 invitedlectures at universities, scientific meetings, government andindustry laboratories. His current research interests are in:metallomics studies involving transgenic plants and theirphytoremediation mechanisms or enhancements; evaluating cellsignaling changes through phospho- or metallo-proteomes asbiomarkers in the CSF of certain stroke patients; investigating themetalloproteomes associated with viruses and their effect on viralcapsid stability; and the effects on cell signaling changes whenarsenic toxified cells are given selenium species as part of thenutrient mix. Joe Caruso is a member of the American Chemical Society, Societyfor Applied Spectroscopy and a Fellow of the Royal Society ofChemistry (RSC). He is Chair of the RSC Metallomics EditorialBoard. He has been honored many times including the 2000Spectrochemical Analysis Award given by the Analytical Division ofthe American Chemical Society, the University of Cincinnati Excellence in Doctoral Student Mentoring Award in 2006, and in 2007he received the Rieveschl Award for Distinguished ScientificResearch. His most recent award was to be elected Fellow of theSociety of Applied Spectroscopy.

Reviews

The strength of the book Analysis of chemicalwarfare degradation products is that it gives a shortintroduction to CWAs in general and provides the reader with alarge number of analytical examples. (Anal BioanalChem, 21 February 2012)