Table of Contents

1 Cognitive science and artificial intelligence: death and rebirth of a collaboration

When Cognitive Science was AI

From the general problem-solver to the society of mind: cognitivist insights from the early AI era

Heuristics and AI eras

Modelling paradigms and AI eras: cognitivist and emergentist perspectives

Death and rebirth of a collaboration

2 Cognitive and machine-oriented approaches to intelligence in artificial systems

Nature- vs. machine-inspired approaches to artificial systems

Functionalist vs. structuralist design approaches

Levels of analysis of computational systems

The space of cognitive systems

Functional and structural neural systems

Functional and structural symbolic systems

3 Principles of the cognitive design approach

Classical, bounded, and bounded-rational models of cognition

Resource-rationality models

Kinds of explanations

Levels of plausibility and the minimal cognitive grid (MCG)

4 Examples of cognitively inspired systems and application of the Minimal Cognitive Grid

Modern AI systems: cognitive computing?

Cognitive architectures

SOAR

ACT-R

Two problems for the knowledge level in cognitive architectures

Knowledge size and knowledge heterogeneity in SOAR and ACT-R

DUAL PECCS

5 Evaluating the performances of artificial systems

"Thinking" machines and Turing Test(s)

The Chinese Room

The Newell test for a theory of cognition

The Winograd Schema Challenge

DARPA challenges, RoboCup, and RoboCup@Home

Comparison

6 The next steps

The road travelled

The way forward

Towards a standard model of mind/common model of cognition

Community

About the Author

Antonio Lieto is a researcher in Artificial Intelligence at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Turin, Italy, and a research associate at the ICAR-CNR in Palermo, Italy. He is the current Vice-President of the Italian Association of Cognitive Science (2017–2022) and an ACM Distinguished Speaker on the topics of cognitively inspired AI and artificial models of cognition.

Reviews

"How does the human mind work? And how can we build artificial systems that display intelligent behavior? These two questions lie at the core of cognitive science and artificial intelligence (AI), respectively. While they have been treated independently from each other in the recent past, Lieto argues here that the two fields have a common history and that it is time to rebuild the bridge between cognitive science and AI[...] In his book, Lieto proposes the minimal cognitive grid (MCG) as a novel evaluation tool to assess the degree of biological/cognitive plausibility of artificial systems [...] Lieto also argues that the MCG provides a more useful evaluation tool than the famous Turing test and other evaluation approaches from the literature, since it is less subjective and language-dependent. Looking forward, Lieto also identifies several applications where a renewed collaboration of AI and cognitive science seems promising, including areas such as unsupervised machine learning and commonsense reasoning[...]. Lieto’s book is a valuable resource for researchers in both AI and cognitive science. Parts of this book may well be used in courses on cognitive AI". — ACM Computing Reviews Review #: CR147311"A must-read! Antonio Lieto's book proposes a very original exploration on the connections between AI and Cognitive Science modelling methods and techniques. It brings some harmony to the cacophony of current AI approaches and becomes a sort of guiding light for further exploration." — Prof. Yiannis Aloimonos, Professor of Computer Science at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Maryland, College Park, USA."This book by Antonio Lieto is indeed timely. A call for the re-unification (or just collaboration) of artificial intelligence and cognitive science is very much needed. While the two have been, by and large, going their separate ways, the cross-fertilization between them has never ceased. It is now time again to place much more emphasis on the intersection between artificial intelligence and cognitive science and their eventual (possible) re-unification." — Prof. Ron Sun, Professor of Cognitive Science at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA."The design of AI systems can clearly be improved by using what we know about natural intelligence, in particular if we want to build systems that interact with humans. Antonio Lieto’s book presents an excellent and updated overview of cognitively oriented design methods and will be a rich source for students and researchers in computer science and cognitive science." — Prof. Peter Gärdenfors, Professor of Cognitive Science at Lund University, Sweden, Fellow of the Cognitive Science Society, Member of the Nobel Prize Committee in Economics (2011-2017)"Antonio Lieto's book "Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds" suggests the necessary interplay between the "Science of Artificial" and the "Science of Natural." The book combines historical analysis with the description of new methods of cognitive design. It also summarizes the successful cognitive architectures. Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds is a big step towards integrating researchers' methods and communities of artificial and natural minds." — Prof. Péter Érdi, Henry Luce Professor of Complex Systems Studies, Kalamazoo College, Michigan, USA"Deep learning has unlocked new paths towards the emulation of the peculiarly-human capability of learning from examples. This bottom-up approach, however, is only one of the many ways we perform reasoning. This wonderful book by Antonio Lieto discusses how we can emulate other kinds of reasoning, e.g., those based on top-down learning, by attempting to re-build the bridge that used to stand firm between Cognitive Science and AI" — Prof. Erik Cambria, Associate Professor in Computer Science at the Nanyang Technological University of Singapore.

"How does the human mind work? And how can we build artificial systems that display intelligent behavior? These two questions lie at the core of cognitive science and artificial intelligence (AI), respectively. While they have been treated independently from each other in the recent past, Lieto argues here that the two fields have a common history and that it is time to rebuild the bridge between cognitive science and AI[...] In his book, Lieto proposes the minimal cognitive grid (MCG) as a novel evaluation tool to assess the degree of biological/cognitive plausibility of artificial systems [...] Lieto also argues that the MCG provides a more useful evaluation tool than the famous Turing test and other evaluation approaches from the literature, since it is less subjective and language-dependent. Looking forward, Lieto also identifies several applications where a renewed collaboration of AI and cognitive science seems promising, including areas such as unsupervised machine learning and commonsense reasoning[...]. Lieto’s book is a valuable resource for researchers in both AI and cognitive science. Parts of this book may well be used in courses on cognitive AI". — ACM Computing Reviews Review #: CR147311"A must-read! Antonio Lieto's book proposes a very original exploration on the connections between AI and Cognitive Science modelling methods and techniques. It brings some harmony to the cacophony of current AI approaches and becomes a sort of guiding light for further exploration." — Prof. Yiannis Aloimonos, Professor of Computer Science at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Maryland, College Park, USA."This book by Antonio Lieto is indeed timely. A call for the re-unification (or just collaboration) of artificial intelligence and cognitive science is very much needed. While the two have been, by and large, going their separate ways, the cross-fertilization between them has never ceased. It is now time again to place much more emphasis on the intersection between artificial intelligence and cognitive science and their eventual (possible) re-unification." — Prof. Ron Sun, Professor of Cognitive Science at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA."The design of AI systems can clearly be improved by using what we know about natural intelligence, in particular if we want to build systems that interact with humans. Antonio Lieto’s book presents an excellent and updated overview of cognitively oriented design methods and will be a rich source for students and researchers in computer science and cognitive science." — Prof. Peter Gärdenfors, Professor of Cognitive Science at Lund University, Sweden, Fellow of the Cognitive Science Society, Member of the Nobel Prize Committee in Economics (2011-2017)"Antonio Lieto's book "Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds" suggests the necessary interplay between the "Science of Artificial" and the "Science of Natural." The book combines historical analysis with the description of new methods of cognitive design. It also summarizes the successful cognitive architectures. Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds is a big step towards integrating researchers' methods and communities of artificial and natural minds." — Prof. Péter Érdi, Henry Luce Professor of Complex Systems Studies, Kalamazoo College, Michigan, USA"Deep learning has unlocked new paths towards the emulation of the peculiarly-human capability of learning from examples. This bottom-up approach, however, is only one of the many ways we perform reasoning. This wonderful book by Antonio Lieto discusses how we can emulate other kinds of reasoning, e.g., those based on top-down learning, by attempting to re-build the bridge that used to stand firm between Cognitive Science and AI" — Prof. Erik Cambria, Associate Professor in Computer Science at the Nanyang Technological University of Singapore.