About the Author xv
Preface xvii
List of Abbreviations xxi
1 Basіc Concepts 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Main Components of Communication Systems 1
1.3 Circuit, Packet, and Cell Switching 3
1.3.1 Circuit Switching 3
1.3.2 Packet Switching 4
1.3.3 Cell Switching 5
1.4 Duplexing in Communication 6
1.5 Historical Developments of Wireless Communication Systems 7
Reference 8
2 Modulation and Demodulation 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 What Are Modulation and Demodulation? 9
2.3 Analog Modulation Methods 10
2.3.1 Amplitude Modulation 11
2.3.2 Frequency Modulation 11
2.3.3 Phase Modulation 11
2.4 Digital Modulation Methods 13
2.4.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation 13
2.4.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation 13
2.4.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation 14
2.4.4 Quadrature Amplitude (QAM) Modulation 14
References 17
3 Multiplexing Methods 19
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing 20
3.3 Time Division Multiplexing 22
3.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 23
3.5 Non- Orthogonal Multiple Access 24
3.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 25
3.7 Code Division Multiplexing 26
3.8 Spatial Division Multiplexing 27
3.9 Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing 27
3.10 Polarization Division Multiplexing 30
References 31
4 Network Performance Metrics 33
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Spectral Efficiency 33
4.3 Important Network Performance Metrics 35
References 40
5 Seven Layers of ISO/OSI 41
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Application Layer 43
5.3 Presentation Layer 44
5.4 Session Layer 45
5.5 Transport Layer 45
5.6 Network Layer 46
5.7 Data Link Layer 48
5.8 Physical Layer 49
References 50
6 Cellular Communication and 1G Systems 51
6.1 Introduction 51
6.2 A Brief History of Wireless Communication 51
6.3 Cellular Communication 52
6.4 1G Systems 54
References 56
7 2G Systems 57
7.1 Introduction 57
7.2 1G and 2G Comparisons 57
7.3 2G Architecture 59
7.4 Detailed Infrastructure and 2.5G 62
References 64
8 3G Systems 65
8.1 Introduction 65
8.2 2G and 3G Comparison 65
8.3 3G Architecture 67
References 69
9 4G Systems 71
9.1 Introduction 71
9.2 Toward 4G 72
9.3 Services and Servers 75
9.4 Architectural Structure and Novel Concepts 77
9.4.1 Architectural Structure 78
9.4.2 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 79
9.5 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 82
9.6 Mobile IP 84
9.7 Multiple Access Techniques 87
9.7.1 OFDM Access 87
9.7.2 Single Carrier- FDMA 89
9.8 Multiple Input- Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Systems and SDM Access 90
9.9 Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi) 92
References 94
10 5G Systems 97
10.1 Introduction 97
10.2 5G Cell Structure 101
10.3 Topology 102
10.4 Millimeter Wave 106
10.5 Network Slicing 111
10.6 Massive MIMO and Beamforming 114
10.7 Carrier Aggregation (CA) and Dual Connectivity (DC) 116
References 118
11 6G Systems 119
11.1 Introduction 119
11.2 Network 122
11.3 Terahertz Communication 126
11.4 Visible Light Communication 128
11.5 Satellite Integration 131
11.6 Cloud Radio Access Network 132
11.7 Holographic MIMO Surfaces 135
11.8 Massive Cell- Free MIMO 140
11.9 Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC)–Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) 143
11.10 ML, AI, and Blockchain Usage in 6G 148
11.10.1 Machine Learning 149
11.10.2 Blockchain 152
11.11 Quantum Computing in Future Wireless Networks 155
11.12 5G Concepts in 6G (eMBB, uRLLC, and mMTC) 159
11.13 6G Use Cases 161
11.13.1 Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality 161
11.13.2 Rural Areas/Depopulated Areas 163
11.13.3 Nonterrestrial Communication 164
11.13.4 Underwater Wireless Communications Systems 166
11.13.5 Super Smart Society 166
11.13.6 Holographic Telepresence 166
11.14 Comparison of 5G and 6G Network Architectures 169
References 170
12 Internet of Things (IoT) 177
12.1 Introduction 177
12.2 IoT Vision 178
12.3 Architecture and Communication Model 181
References 189
13 Non- IP- Based WPAN Technologies 191
13.1 Introduction 191
13.2 802.15 Standards 194
13.3 Radio Frequency Identification 195
13.4 Near- Field Communication 198
13.5 Infrared Data Association 198
13.6 Bluetooth 199
13.7 Zigbee 202
13.8 Z- Wave 207
13.9 Power Line Communication 209
References 210
14 IP- Based WPAN and WLAN 211
14.1 Introduction 211
14.2 HaLow WiFi (Low- Power WiFi) 211
14.3 ISA 100.11a Wireless 212
14.4 Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol (HART) 215
14.5 Wireless Networks for Industrial Automation- Process Automation (WIA- PA) 216
14.6 6LoWPAN 218
14.7 WPAN with IP Thread 222
References 226
15 Low- Power Wide- Area Networks 227
15.1 Introduction 227
15.2 General Architecture 227
15.3 EC- GSM- IoT 228
15.4 Random Phase Multiple Access 230
15.5 Dash7 231
15.6 Long- Term Evolution for Machines 233
15.7 Narrowband IoT 234
15.8 Massive IoT 234
15.9 IoTivity 237
15.10 LoRa and LoRaWAN 238
15.11 Sigfox 241
References 243
16 IoT Edge to Cloud Protocols 245
16.1 Introduction 245
16.2 Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol 248
16.3 MQTT over WebSockets 251
16.4 MQTT for Sensor Networks 251
16.5 Constrained Application Protocol 253
16.6 Embedded Binary HTTP 256
16.7 Lean Transport Protocol 257
16.8 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol 258
16.9 Data Distribution Service 260
16.10 Simple Text- Oriented Messaging Protocol 263
16.11 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol 264
16.12 Lightweight M2M 266
16.13 Health Device Profile Protocol (Continua HDP) 268
16.14 Devices Profile for Web Services 270
16.15 Protocol Comparisons 271
References 274
17 Popular Operating Systems of IoT 277
17.1 Introduction 277
17.2 OpenWSN 278
17.3 TinyOS 279
17.4 FreeRTOS 279
17.5 Ti- Rtos 280
17.6 Riot 281
17.7 Contiki OS 282
References 284
18 IoT Security 285
18.1 Introduction 285
18.2 Limitations in IoT End Devices 285
18.3 Security Requirements 287
18.4 Attack Types and Points 290
References 298
19 IoT Applications 301
19.1 Introduction 301
19.2 Tactile Internet 301
19.3 Waste Management 304
19.4 Healthcare 304
19.5 Smart Agriculture and Smart Water Supply 305
19.6 Web of Things (WoT) 307
References 308
Index 311
Suat Seçgin, PhD has worked for nearly 30 years in telecommunications, developing experience with access systems, core networks, IT, and customer management. After completing his undergraduate education in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dr. Seçgin completed his master’s degree in Computer Engineering with the thesis title of Mobile Networks and Data Access Technologies. Continuing his doctoral studies in computer engineering, Dr. Seçgin worked on wireless communication systems, network traffic engineering, data science, decision support systems and customer analytics topics. He has publications in peer-reviewed and indexed journals on customer analytics in the telecommunications industry, and this is his second book on telecommunication systems.
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