Table of Contents

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction: From “African Homophobia” to Queer Arts of Resistance

1 | Kenyan Queer Critique of Christianity and

Homophobia

Interlude 1 Prophetess

2 | Kenyan Claim to Queer and Christian Love

Interlude 2 Bodywork

3 | Kenyan Queer Stories of Sexuality and Faith

Interlude 3 Positive

4 | Kenyan Queer Christian Community

Interlude 4 Ambassador

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

Index

About the Author

Adriaan van Klinken is Associate Professor of Religion and African Studies at the University of Leeds. He is the author of Transforming Masculinities in African Christianity: Gender Controversies in Times of AIDS and coeditor of several books, including Public Religion and the Politics of Homosexuality in Africa and Christianity and Controversies over Homosexuality in Contemporary Africa.

Reviews

“In a fascinating dynamic that speaks to the passion and intimacy of the book, the author weaves his story with the stories of those whose lives he narrates. Thus, the author tells us about his connection to the communities he studied and how he is even assigned the position of an ambassador and advocate for these communities.”—David Ngong Reading Religion

“This book evokes many feelings but also forces one to confront one’s own uninformed biases. It’s a good read for those who often shout the loudest, without sufficient understanding of LGBTI lives.”—Damaris Seleina Parsitau The Conversation

“This book takes scholarship on religion and sexuality in a new direction towards a focus on queer activisms taking place in unlikely spaces in unexpected ways.”—Megan Robertson Religious Studies Review

“This book offers an important intervention in demonstrating that LGBT activism in Africa—indeed, in Kenya itself and even solely in Nairobi—is complex, varied, and both richer and more robust than it is typically made out to be. Van Klinken also persistently presses the important case that the ongoing resistance in queer studies circles to taking religion seriously not only is restrictive and irresponsible but actively excludes LGBT people of color and LGBT people in the global South.”—Melissa M. Wilcox, author of Queer Women and Religious Individualism

“The simple wish of the book is to serve as a counter narrative to the idea of African homophobia, an aim which is amply achieved. This book undoubtedly enriches the small but emerging area of sexual storytelling in global queer and religious studies, with its particular focus on questions of justice and the debates around human sexuality.”—Chris Greenough Theology and Sexuality

“Van Klinken’s willingness to innovate through his embrace of ‘scavenger methodology’ and his close attention to sites of possibility, to prophetic vision, have produced a creative hybrid, a bricolage, that will stimulate further engagement between disparate fields, especially between queer studies and religious studies. The book also provides new perspectives in the burgeoning field of queer African studies.”—Graeme Reid H-Net

“Calling for a nuanced understanding of Christianity’s entanglements in queer politics, Adriaan van Klinken’s Kenyan, Christian, Queer (2019) challenges secularist ideologies that construe sexual emancipation and public religion as irreconcilable opposites. In detailing how this occurs, the book demonstrates a very keen dialectical imagination: it shows how a most outspoken Kenyan critic of religious homophobia borrows the very means and modes of charismatic leadership from Pentecostal evangelism, turning himself into a “queer prophet” of sorts; how a controversial queer rap video adopts and adapts stylistic elements from gospel performances, rendering “fluid boundaries between gospel and hip hop” (66); or how various queer subjects make religion central to their lives, by either keeping it separate from or reconciling it in various ways with their sexual selves.”—George Paul Meiu HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory

“The book is . . . graceful in its style and sensible approach to controversial issues in Nairobi and in scholarship. It is a pleasure to read; it manages to take readers by the hand and make them part of the ins and outs of queer lives, their artistic expressions, while at the same time it provides interesting insights in the uptake of theological treatises.”—Rachel Spronk HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory

“Van Klinken managed to do something that we, in African studies, are told isn’t possible. He took very real and very tangible complex sociocultural, religious, and theological critical theories of Kenya and framed them in a reimagined African setting where love was viable. A new standard has been set. In his own words, Van Klinken found a way for love to be “read as disruptive of Kenya’s dominant heteronormative culture” while at the same time platforming love as Kenyan LGBTQI communities’ most important asset.”—Chisomo Kalinga HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory

“Van Klinken has written a book that breaks new grounds through his passionate commitment and optimism, which allows him to give pride of place to the creativity and courage of lgbt activists in Kenya in a hostile context.”—Peter Geschiere HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory

“The hopeful nerve that striates the book is gripping and inspiring.”—Don Kulick HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory

“More than anything else, as I read this text, I found myself saying: This text delivers. It delivers stories of resilience and vulnerability. And it delivers these stories as invitations to otherwise possibilities. This text delivers these things to us. And, perhaps, in so doing, this text may offer us new resources for our own deliverance.”—Biko Mandela Gray Religious Studies Review

“By foregrounding the researcher as an embodied being and by paying attention to the relational and indeed intimate and at times erotic dimensions of ethnographic research, van Klinken’s Kenyan, Christian, Queer unsettles traditional ways of knowing and offers us a deeply enfleshed lens wherein which the notion of being vulnerable emerges as a delicate embodied response to research relationships that generates emotional, erotic, and affective sentiments. Van Klinken shows us that when embodying the field, our bodies act as powerful mediators of relationships, of intimacy, and of the erotic—delicately navigating the complicated terrain between sameness and difference.”—Nina Hoel Religious Studies Review

“This is a book that celebrates interdisciplinarity and does so with a boldness that is chastened by an ethnographic openness.”—Elias Kifon Bongmba Religious Studies Review

“The book is beautifully written and is a real “page-turner.” Page-turner is hardly a conventional epithet used to describe an academic book, but this book combines creative flair and authentic self-reflection, so skillfully and delightfully, with academic rigor and deep theoretical reflection, that it wholeheartedly deserves this description.”—Sarojini Nadar Religious Studies Review

“Kenyan, Christian, Queer . . . is not only eloquently written, but also pushes boundaries and allows us moments of intro- and retrospection, forcing us to both confront and rethink our personal and collective biases concerning ethnography, Christianity, Africa, homophobia, and sexualities to name but a few.”—Damaris Seleina Parsitau Religious Studies Review

“Van Klinken seeks to . . . combat essentializing narratives of “homophobic Africa” in the academy and the general public. In so doing, he utilizes an interdisciplinary set of methodological tools that draw from Queer Studies, Religious Studies, and African Studies, and also cuts across these disciplines to form a truly interdisciplinary, or possibly even transdisciplinary perspective.”—Trad Nogueira‐Godsey Religious Studies Review

“With this book van Klinken makes a compelling, timely, and much-needed contribution to the study of religion, one that binds together important threads of discussions regarding diversity, queerness, and politics in global Africa and beyond.”—Marian Burchardt Journal of the American Academy of Religion

“Adriaan van Klinken’s Kenyan, Christian, Queer makes a timely and compelling contribution to scholarship and activism within and across queer, religious, and African studies. Situated at these theoretical intersections, the work sets out a case for how those on the sexual margins in Kenya are recrafting religious and political narratives in ways that upend the oppressive world views of Christian orthodoxies and their violent and exclusionary effects on queer life.”—Melanie Judge Africa

“This book is a ground-breaking piece and addresses a controversial theme in the history of sexuality studies in Africa. As such, it will certainly provide momentum for local LGBT activists to break the silences surrounding sexuality and to ‘claim the ownership and control of their own bodies.’ It is committed to challenging normative concepts of culture and tradition that impinge on sexual and reproductive rights in Africa.”—Babere Kerata Chacha Africa

“The theoretical and methodological contributions of this book are substantive. Van Klinken is widely and deeply read in African studies, religious studies, theological studies, queer studies, feminist studies, HIV studies, ethnographic studies, postcolonial studies, and decolonial studies. In a clear and accessible style, van Klinken brings these discourses into conversation, using ‘a scavenger methodology,’ using what is at hand in order (in the Foucauldian sense) to collaborate with African colleagues to forge the analytical resources we need to engage our own African realities.”—Gerald O. West Journal of Theology for Southern Africa

“Van Klinken has written a significant book on LGBTQ activism in Africa that presents a compelling ethnographic account of individual and social resistance, which the author analyzes with interdisciplinary tools, making clear that the questions of justice and belonging raised by LGBTQ persons invite readers to recognize our coevalness because the debate about sexuality is also a debate about our common and shared humanity. A must-read for those who want to understand the nuances of resistance and new approaches to the reformation of social beliefs today.”—Elias Kifon Bongmba, editor of the Routledge Companion to Christianity in Africa

“By showcasing a rich array of Kenyan queer creative practices, Adriaan van Klinken makes a compelling case for religion as a discursive site of African queer subjectivity, agency, and queer inventiveness that point to a nascent African queer theology. This book’s boundary-pushing methodology lends it a remarkable blend of integrity and risk that is generative for future reflections on ethnographic practice and the productive modes of addressing questions of positionality in research practice.”—Grace Musila, coeditor of Rethinking Eastern African Literary and Intellectual Landscapes

“This book evokes many feelings but also forces one to confront one’s own uninformed biases. It’s a good read for those who often shout the loudest, without sufficient understanding of LGBTI lives.”—Yvonne Nyaga Mojatu