Table of Contents

Preface

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Chapter 1: History

Terminology

Origins of Orchid Micropropagation

Plant Hormones and Propagation Additives of Plant Origin

Culture of Tissues and Organs

Early Tissue Culture Attempts

Culture of Stem Tips

First Micropropagation of Orchids

The Second Aseptic Culture of an Orchid Explant

Plant Diseases and Meristems

The Third Aseptic Culture of an Orchid Explant

The Fourth Aseptic Culture of an Orchid Explant

Who Pioneered Micropropagation?

Root Cultures

Leaf Cultures

Stems

Flower Buds, Flowers, Floral Segments, and Reproductive Organs

Inflorescences

A Patent

Doubtful Claims

Mutations

Theft in Vitro

Darkening of Culture Media

Anticontaminants

Cell and Protoplast Culture

Flowering in Vitro,  

The Future

Chapter 2: General Outline of Techniques and Procedures

Media Components

Macroelements

Microelements

Iron

Auxins and Anti-auxin

Chitosan

Cytokinins

Gibberellins and Antigibberellin

Abscisic Acid

Ethylene and Ethylene Inhibitor

Amino Acids

Polyol

Polyamines

Phloroglucinol

Jasmonates

Vitamins

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Organic Acids

Banana

Coconut Water

Hydrolysates and Autolysates

Sugars

Anticontaminants

Charcoal

Solvents

Solidifiers

pH

Recipes in this Book

Stock Solutions

State of the Medium

Sterilization

Autoclaves

Filtration

Sterilization in Microwave Ovens

Solvents

Open Flame

Liquids

Surface Decontamination

Gas Sterilization

Preparation of the Medium

Culture Vessels

Culture Conditions

Temperature

Agitation

Illumination

Carbon Dioxide

Placing Plant Material in Culture

Seeds

Tissue Explants

Internal Contaminants

Enzymes for Protoplast Isolation

Work Area

Laminar-flow Hoods

Sterile Rooms

Sterile Boxes

Clean Laboratory Bench

Washing Glassware

Chapter 3: Methods for Specific Genera

Acampe

Aeridachnis

Aerides

Aeridovanda

Anacamptis

Angraecum

Anoectochilus

Ansellia

Arachnis

Arachnostylis

Aranda

Aranthera

Arundina

Ascocenda

Ascocentrum

Ascofinetia

Barlia

Bletilla

Brassavola

Brassia

Brassocattleya

Brassolaeliocattleya, 277

Bulbophyllum

Burkillara

Caladenia

Calanthe

Catasetum

Cattleya

Caularthron

Cleisostoma

Clowesia

Coelogyne

Cymbidium

Cypripedium

Cyrtopodium

Dactylorchis

Dactylorhiza

Darwinara

Dendrobium, 518

Disa

Diuris

Doriella

Doritaenopsis

Doritis, 693

Encyclia

Epidendrum

Epiphronitis

Erycina

Eulophia

Gastrochilus

Geodorum

Goodyera

Grammatophyllum

Habenaria

Hadrolaelia

Hetaeria

Holttumara

Ipsea

Kagawara

Laelia

Laeliocattleya

Liparis

Ludisia (Haemaria)

Luisia

Lycaste

Malaxis

Maxillaria

Miltonia

Mokara

Mormodes

Neofinetia

Neostylis

Neottia

Nervilia

Nigritella

Oberonia

Odontioda

Odontoglossum

Odontonia

Oncidium

Ophrys

Orchis

Ottochilus

Pachystoma

Paphiopedilum

Papilionanda

Papilionanthe, 901

Phaius

Phalaenopsis

Pholidota

Phragmipedium

Pleione

Pogonia

Ponerorchis

Potinara

Pterostylis

Renades

Renanetia

Renantanda

Renanthera

Restrepia

Rhynchostele

Rhynchostylis

Saccolabium

Sarcanthus

Satyrium

Schomburgkia

Serapias

Sophrolaeliocattleya

Spathoglottis

Spiranthes

Tainia

Thelymitra

Thunia

Trudelia

Vanda

Vandofinetia

Vanilla

Vascostylis

Vuylstekeara, 1292

Zygopetalum, 1292

Chapter 4: Summary

Culture Conditions

Media Components

Macroelements

Microelements

Substitutions

Carbohydrates

Amino Acids

Vitamins

Polyols

Hormones

Coconut Water

Bleeding Sap of Birch Trees

Other Complex Organic Additives

Solidifying (Gel-forming) Agents and Alternative Supporting Media

Adsorbents

Applications of Orchid Tissue Culture

Commercialization

Conservation

Patents

Plant Improvement and Biotechnology

Cryopreservation

Physiological Studies

Negative Aspects of Micropropagation

References

Appendix 1: General Information on Supplies, Equipment, Terms, and Reagents

Appendix 2: Sources of Supplies and Equipment

Appendix 3: Some Sites of Interest on the World Wide Web

Appendix 4: Light

Appendix 5: Formulary

Appendix 6: Atomic Weights, Concentrations, Exponents, Greek and Roman Letters, Ions, Measurements, Molecular Weights, Prefixes, Valences, Units, and Solutions

Appendix 7: Additional Information

Appendix 8: Plant Preservative Mixture

Appendix 9: Media

Appendix 10: ASCII Codes

Glossary

Index

About the Author

Tim Wing Yam, Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore

Joseph Arditti, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Irvine, USA