Table of Contents

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xvii

Part I Sketching the Landscape 1

Chapter 1 The Place of the Emotions among the Passions 3

1. Passions, affections, and appetites 3

2. Agitations and moods 14

3. Emotions 22

Chapter 2 The Analytic of the Emotions I 37

1. The representation of emotions 37

2. The language of the emotions 40

3. Expressions and manifestations of emotion 45

4. Emotion, cognition, and the will 56

Chapter 3 The Analytic of the Emotions II 60

1. The epistemology of the emotions 60

2. Emotion and reason 67

3. The place of the emotions in human life 77

Chapter 4 The Dialectic of the Emotions 83

1. The Cartesian and empiricist legacies and their invalidation 83

2. Philosophical and psychological confusions: James 97

3. Neuroscientific confusions: Damasio and the somatic marker hypothesis 103

4. Evolutionary accounts of the emotions: Darwin and Ekman 111

5. The quest for basic emotions 115

Part II Human, All Too Human 129

Chapter 5 Pride, Arrogance, and Humility 131

1. The web of pride 131

2. Shifting evaluations of pride 135

3. Pride: connective analysis 140

Chapter 6 Shame, Embarrassment, and Guilt 152

1. Shame cultures and guilt cultures 152

2. Shame and embarrassment: connective analysis 157

3. Guilt: connective analysis 173

Chapter 7 Envy 183

1. Envy and jealousy: a pair of vicious emotions 183

2. Envy and jealousy: conceptual unclarity 187

3. Envy and jealousy: their conceptual roots 192

4. Envy: iconography, mythology, and iconology 197

5. Envy: connective analysis 200

Chapter 8 Jealousy 208

1. Different centres of variation 208

2. Iconography 215

3. Jealousy: connective analysis 216

4. Jealousy and envy again 228

Chapter 9 Anger 232

1. The phenomena of anger 232

2. The vocabulary of anger 235

3. Anger: connective analysis 239

4. Conceptions of anger in antiquity 253

5. Is acting in anger warranted? 259

Part III The Saving Graces: Love, Friendship, and Sympathy 265

Chapter 10 Love 267

1. Concepts and conceptions of love 267

2. The biological and social roots of love 269

3. The objects of love 274

4. Historico‐normative constraints 279

5. The phases of love 282

6. The web of concepts of love 287

7. The iconography of love 294

8. Connective analysis I: categorial complexity 298

9. Connective analysis II: peculiarities of love as an emotion 304

10. Connective analysis III: some characteristic features of love 316

11. Self‐love 324

Chapter 11 Friendship 327

1. Friendship and love 327

2. The roots and marks of different forms of friendship 336

3. Analysis of the relation 345

4. Friendship, virtue, and morality 350

Chapter 12 Sympathy and Empathy 357

1. Sympathy: the historical background 357

2. The analysis of sympathy 367

3. Empathy: from Einfühlung to mirror neurons 377

4. Empathy and sympathy 385

5. Envoi 392

Appendix: Moments in the History of Love 393

1. The history of love 393

2. Ancient Israel 395

3. Ancient Greece 402

4. From pagan Rome to Christian Rome 410

5. Early Christianity 417

6. The deification of love 426

Index 438

About the Author

P.M.S. Hacker is the leading authority on the philosophy of Wittgenstein. He is Emeritus Fellow at St John's College, Oxford University, where he was a Tutorial Fellow in philosophy from 1966 to 2006, and has held visiting chairs in North America and both British Academy and Leverhulme Senior Research Fellowships. He is the author of nineteen books and over 150 papers, and has written extensively on the philosophy of Wittgenstein, the history of analytic philosophy, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and cognitive neuroscience.

Reviews

"It was a joy to receive The Passions, the latest book by Peter Hacker, one of the world's greatest philosophers. Hacker, 78, has spent a lifetime writing treatises on the mind, language and knowledge, but this time has deployed his wit and insight on a magisterial survey of human emotions, such as sympathy and love . . . Philosophy is at its most compelling when analytical rigour is fused with personal perspective. When writing about love, civility and empathy, Hacker embodies this truth in spades."
—Matthew Syed, author of You Are Awesome