Table of Contents

1. Normal and variant sex development 2. Gender DiagnosesJack Drescher 3. Gender Identity in Disorders of Sex Development 4. Female sexual function: the role of animal models in assessing female sexual dysfunction 5. Fertility Treatment and Preservation in Transgender Men and Women 6. Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming People: An Introduction 7. Sex-dependent and -independent Mechanisms in External Genitalia Development 8. The Transsexual Adult 9. Sexual and gender minority individuals in health care: strategies to include sexual orientation and gender identity in health professions education 10. Sex Influences Exist at All Levels of Human Brain Function 11. Sex differences in the brain: Focus on developmental mechanisms 12. Sexual dimorphisms in the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 13. Oxytocin and Brain Plasticity 14. Emotion and Gender-specific neural processing in men and women 15. Behind the Mask: the experience of assessment, diagnosis and living with autism for girls and young women 16. The significance of gender in perinatal medicine 17. Intrauterine Development of Sex Differences – Fetal Programming 18. Battle of the sexes: How the selection of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract manipulates the sex ratio of offspring 19. All Cells have a sex: Studies of sex chromosome function at the cellular level 20. Sex-specific implications of exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment 21. Immune response – Impact of biological sex and gender 22. Geoepidemiology and the Impact of Sex on Autoimmune Diseases 23. Gender and gene regulation in human immunity 24. Sex and gender specific aspects - from cells to cardiovascular disease 25. Estrogen: Impact on Cardiomyocytes and the Heart 26. The Sexually Dimorphic Characteristics of the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation 27. Gender Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- Current Knowledge and Deficits 28. Cancer: Gender differences at the molecular level 29. An Updated Overview of the Gender-Specific Response to Infection 30. Gender Based Differences in Mortality in Indian Children Aged 5 to 14 years 31. Consideration of biological sex in translating regenerative stem cell therapies 32. Adipose-derived Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine 33. Sex, Gender and Pain 34. Sex and gender differences in trauma victims presenting for treatment 35. Women Do Worse Than Men – Gender-Specific Differences in Burn Patients 36. Exercise physiology in Men & Women 37. Musculoskeletal complaints in male and female instrumental musicians 38. Nutritional Genomics and Biological Sex 39. Microbiome: Impact of gender on function & characteristics of gut microbiome 40. Sex and Gender Differences in Sleep Disorders: An Overview 41. Gender differences in bladder and kidney cancers 42. The complex challenge of blood pressure regulation: influences of sex and aging on sympathetic mechanisms 43. Gender at the Interface of Renal Aging: Physiological and Pathological Perspectives 44. Gender differences in mobility of elderly: Measurements and interventions to improve mobility 45. Personalized Medicine in Space Flight, Part I: The Space Context and Standard Clinical Approaches 46. Personalized Medicine in Space Flight, Part II: Personalized Precision Medicine Approaches 47. Robots and Gender 48. Cyborgs: Understanding and Mutual Treatment 49. Personalized Medicine and Challenges in Research and Clinical Implementation 50. Biological Sex Differences in Humans and their Importance in Pharmaceutical Drug Discovery and Development

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Comprehensive reference on the sex-specific differences across basic and clinical medical research

About the Author

Dr. Marianne Legato, Emerita Professor of Clinical Medicine at Columbia University, is an internationally known academic physician, author, lecturer, and specialist in gender-specific medicine. She is founding member of the International Society for Gender Medicine and the founder and director of The Partnership for Gender-Specific Medicine at Columbia University and its next iteration, The Foundation for Gender-Specific Medicine. She has published extensively on gender and sex specific medicine, both for the scientific community and for the lay public. She is also the founding editor of the Journal Gender Medicine, and the journal Gender and the Genome. In 1992, Dr. Legato won the American Heart Association’s Blakeslee Award for the best book written for the lay public on cardiovascular disease. The third edition of her textbook, Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine and her most recent book, The Plasticity of Sex., both won Prose awards from the American Association of Editors in 2021 and 2022 respectively. She is a practicing internist in New York City and has been listed each year in New York Magazine and Castle Connolly’s lists "Best Doctors" since their inception in 1993.

Reviews

"As much as the first edition of Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine defined the field of sex and gender health a decade ago, this third edition redefines it taking into account the evolution and complexity of genomic, hormonal and immunological science of sex differences.  Marianne Legato uses an innovative approach to organizing cutting edge topics outside of the typical format of medical textbooks, which aids the reader in viewing the science in novel ways.  Even for those working in the field of sex and gender based medicine, there is so much to learn from this rich collection of experts and content. Thank you once again Marianne Legato!" --Alyson J. McGregor, MD, MA, FACEP , Director, Division of Sex and Gender in Emergency Medicine (SGEM), Director, Sex and Gender in Emergency Medicine (SGEM) Fellowship, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

"The name Marianne Legato has become almost synonymous with Gender and Sex-specific Medicine. She was founder and Editor-in Chief of the first scientific journal dedicated to this new science (and has recently founded a new journal – “Gender and the Genome”). She was and is Editor-in-Chief of the first textbook on Gender Medicine, which appears now in the present third edition and she has been a scout in promoting Gender Medicine throughout the world. Her books have been eye-openers for many of us and this new edition of Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine is again a breakthrough. It includes carefully chosen contributions from leading scholars, researchers and clinicians from all over the globe, who present the state-of-the-art in their respective fields. What "The Harrison" is for Internal Medicine, what "The Williams" is for Obstetrics and what the "The DSM-5" is for Psychiatry, "The Legato" is for Gender Medicine – an absolutely essential Must Have and Must Read for any professional who deals with the differences in physiology and pathophysiology between males and females." --Marek Glezerman, MD, Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chairman of the Ethics Committee, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

"The new Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine, edited by Dr. Marianne Legato from Columbia University, is a compilation of the most up-to-date topics in sex and gender difference research.  The chapters cover the major genomic, cellular, molecular and whole body “hot” topics in the field.  In addition, there are innovative pieces such as “Robots and Gender” by Tatsuya Nomura. Get this book and keep it on your shelf as a ready reference for state-of-the-art research in sex and gender differences that will inspire current and future scientists for years to come." --Jane F. Reckelhoff, PhD, Billy S. Guyton Distinguished Professor, Chair, Department of Biochemistry, Director, Women's Health Research Center, Director, Research Development, Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, University of Mississippi Medical Center