About the Companion Website vii
Introduction VIII
Chapter 1: X- Rays 1
Introduction 2
X-ray machine 4
Image receptors 10
Geometry of the x-ray beam 16
X-ray interactions with matter 20
Radiographic density 24
Opacity 27
Radiographic contrast 31
Radiographic detail 34
Technique chart 39
Radiograph storage and distribution 42
Radiation safety 44
Chapter 2: Radiographs 51
Introduction – plan for success 52
Positioning guide 55
Artifacts 83
Contrast radiography 102
Procedures in contrast radiography 105
Alimentary tract contrast studies 106
Urogenital contrast studies 113
Cardiovascular contrast studies 118
Neurologic contrast studies 121
Head contrast studies 126
Miscellaneous contrast studies 128
Reading radiographs 131
Chapter 3: Thorax 137
Introduction 138
Radiographic views of the thorax 140
Patient factors 141
Thoracic wall 143
Diaphragm 149
Pleura and Pleural Space 155
Mediastinum 164
Esophagus 172
Heart 179
Major vessels 194
Congenital heart disease 196
Acquired heart disease 201
Trachea 207
Lungs 213
Specific lung diseases 231
Differential diagnoses for thorax 247
Chapter 4: Abdomen 269
Introduction to abdominal radiography 270
Patient factors 274
Abdominal cavity 274
Liver 283
Spleen 290
Pancreas 293
Gastrointestinal tract 295
Stomach 296
Small intestine 309
Large intestine 318
Urogenital tract 328
Kidneys and ureters 329
Urinary bladder 341
Urethra 352
Male genital system 356
Female genital system 361
Hermaphroditism 364
Adrenal glands 365
Differential diagnoses for abdomen 367
Chapter 5: Musculoskeleton 387
Introduction to musculoskeletal radiography 389
Soft tissues 390
Orthopedic anatomic considerations 391
Bone response to disease or injury 393
Bone production 402
Bone loss 403
Fractures 405
Osteomyelitis 412
Osseous neoplasia 414
Benign conditions of bone 416
Congenital and developmental abnormalities 417
Joints 427
Joint diseases 428
Appendicular skeleton 433
Shoulder 433
Elbow 437
Carpus 447
Digits 449
Pelvis 452
Stifle 464
Tarsus 473
Axial skeleton 477
Vertebral column 477
Spinal abnormalities 481
Head and neck 495
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 508
Teeth 509
Salivary glands and nasolacrimal duct 511
Pharynx and larynx 512
Differential diagnoses for musculoskeleton 514
Glossary of Radiologic Terms 527
Index 553
The Authors
M.C. Muhlbauer, DVM, MS, DACVR is a veterinary radiologist with over 30 years of experience in teaching and performing diagnostic imaging. He is owner and president of Veterinary Imaging Specialists in Venice, Florida, USA.
S.K. Kneller, DVM, MS, DACVR retired as Associate Professor Emeritus from the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine in Urbana in 2007 after over 32 years and since then has served as Locum Tenens at eight different North American veterinary colleges and as Adjunct Instructor at Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, USA.
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