Table of Contents

List of Figures 
List of Tables
  INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Why Build Spacecraft? 
1.2 NASA 
1.2.1 Manned Spaceflight Missions 
1.2.2 Unmanned Space Vehicle Missions 
1.3 Department of Defense 
1.3.1 Communications 
1.3.2 Navigation 
1.3.3 Surveillance 
1.3.4 Defense Systems 
1.4 Commercial Industry 
1.4.1 Overview 
1.4.2 Launch Services 
1.4.3 Satellites 
1.4.4 Remote Sensing 
1.4.5 Space-Based Energy 
1.4.6 Microgravity Research 
1.4.7 Vacuum-Based Material Processing 
1.4.8 Space Tourism 
1.4.9 Commercialization Summary 
1.4.10 International Partnerships 
1.5 Critical Spacecraft System and Requirements 
1.5.1 Essential Spacecraft Systems 
1.5.2 Manned vs. Unmanned Vehicles 
1.6 Driving Requirements 
1.6.1 Major Requirements 
1.6.2 Major Mission Requirements 
1.6.3 Major Crew Requirements 
1.6.4 Major Payload Requirements 
1.6.5 Major Orbit Requirements 
1.6.6 Major Environment Requirements 
1.6.7 Major Launch Requirements 
1.6.8 Major Ground Support Requirements 
1.7 Design Process 
1.7.1 Remote Sensing Design Trade Example 
1.7.2 Communication System Trade Example 
1.7.3 Orbital Space Plane Example 
1.8 Product Life Cycle 
1.8.1 Overview 
1.8.2 Conceptual Study 
1.8.3 Phase A: Preliminary Analysis 
1.8.4 Phase B: Definition 
1.8.5 Phase C/D: Design and Development 
1.8.6 Production and Operations Phase 
1.9 Technology Envelope 
1.9.1 Overview 
1.9.2 X-33 Program 
1.10 Design Margin 
1.11 Spacecraft Cost 
1.11.1 Cost and Requirements Relationship 
1.11.2 Cost Modeling 
1.11.3 Design Costs 
1.11.4 Launch Cost 
1.11.5 Operations Cost 
1.11.6 Sea Launch Program 
1.11.7 Schedule Compression 
1.11.8 Reducing Space Program Cost 
1.12 Reliability and Safety

  ORBITS AND ENVIRONMENTS 
2.1 Orbital Mechanics Overview 
2.1.1 Getting Into Orbit 
2.1.2 Laws Governing Orbital Mechanics 
2.1.3 State Vector 
2.1.4 Useful Orbits 
2.1.5 Orbital Maneuvers 
2.1.6 Launch and Re-Entry Mechanics 
2.1.7 Orbital Perturbations 
2.2 Environments 
2.2.1 Earth's Atmosphere 
2.2.2 Overview of the Sun 
2.2.3 Radiation 
2.2.4 Thermal Extremes 
2.2.5 Asteroids 
2.2.6 Meteors 
2.2.7 Atomic Oxygen 
2.2.8 Space Debris 
2.2.9 Contamination 
2.3 Physical and Psychological Effects of the Space Environment 
2.3.1 Loss of Atmosphere 
2.3.2 High G's 
2.3.3 Weightlessness 

  SPACE VEHICLE OPERATIONS HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 
3.1 Operations Architecture 
3.1.1 Level of Autonomy 
3.1.2 XM and Sirius Digital Satellite Radio Operations Example 
3.2 Lunar Mission Operations Approach 
3.3 International Space Station Operations 
3.3.1 Mission Activities 
3.3.2 Space Station 
3.3.3 ISS Program Operation Agreements 
3.3.4 Space Station Earth to Orbit Vehicles 
3.4 Space Shuttle Operations 
3.4.1 Shu