Table of Contents

• Acknowledgements
• Foreword
• PART I: INTRODUCTION
• Research Methods, Research Flow, and Research Designs: An Outline
• Chapter 1 Introduction to Research Methods and Designs in Criminal Justice and Criminology—Lior Gideon.
• Introduction
• "Good" Research versus "Bad" Research
• Two Common Research Models
• Linear Model
• Circular Model
• Types of Studies According to Their Funding Agencies
• Connection between Theory and Method
• Selecting a Research Topic
• Identifying a Research Problem
• Hypotheses
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 2 The Scientific Approach in Social Inquiry—Lior Gideon.
• Scientific Approach and the Scientific Explanation
• Explanation and Prediction
• Dependent and Independent Variables
• Concepts and Definitions
• Conceptual and Construct Definitions
• Can We Refer to Criminology and Criminal Justice as Science?
• Ethics in Research
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 3 Principles of Measurement—Lior Gideon.
• Theoretical Definition
• Operational Definition
• Reliability: A Measure of Stability and Consistency
• Test–Retest Reliability
• Equivalent Measurement Reliability
• Internal Consistency Reliability
• Split-Half Reliability
• Interrater or Interobserver Reliability
• What Reliability Measure Should We Use?
• Validity
• Face Validity
• Content Validity
• Criterion validity
• Construct Validity
• Predictive Validity
• External Validity
• Internal Validity
• Statistical Conclusion Validity
• The Relationship between Reliability and Validity
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• PART II: SAMPLE SIZE
• Sample Size and Statistical Power: An Outline
• Chapter 4 Magic and Science in Multivariate Sentencing Models: Reflection on the limits of Statistical methods—Weisburd, D. L.
• Introduction
• Science and Magic in Statistical Sentencing Research: A Case Study
• Correct Model Specification and Its Relevance to Magical Results
• Conclusions
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 5 Sample Size Consideration and Statistical Power—Lior Gideon.
• Level of Measurements
• Categorical Variables
• Continues Variables
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• PART III: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
• Sampling Methods: An Outline
• Chapter 6 Capturing Population Traits Using Samples: The Art of Choosing the Right Sample—Lior Gideon.
• Census, Sampling Frame, and Population Sampling
• Sample Size
• Sampling Techniques Probability Sampling Techniques
• Simple Random Sampling
• Systematic Random Sampling
• Stratified Random Sample
• Cluster Sample
• Nonprobability Sampling Techniques
• Purposive Sample
• Quota Sample
• Snowball/Chain Sample
• Convenience/Availability Sample
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 7 Purposeful Sampling—Eyrich-Garg, K. M.
• Extreme or Deviant Case Sampling
• Intensity Sampling
• Maximum Variation (Heterogeneity) Sampling
• Homogenous Sampling
• Typical Case Sampling
• Critical Case Sampling
• Snowball or Chain Sampling
• Criterion Sampling
• Theoretical Sampling, Operational Construct Sampling, & Theory-Based Sampling
• Confirming and Disconfirming Cases
• Stratified Purposeful Sampling
• Opportunistic or Emergent Sampling
• Purposeful Random Sampling
• Sampling Politically Important Cases
• Convenience Sampling
• Combination or Mixed Purposeful Sampling
• References
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 8 Obtaining Representative Small Sample in Qualitative Studies—Lior Gideon.
• Non-probability Sampling Methods
• Network Sampling
• The Ex-Sharon Prisoner's Case Study and Methodology
• Interviewees Sampling
• Combination of Non-probability Sampling Methods—Discussion
• Conclusion
• Notes
• References
• Discussion Questions
• PART IV: RESEARCH DESIGNS
• Research Design Models: An Outline
• Chapter 9 Descriptive Research Designs—Lior Gideon.
• Exploratory Studies
• Descriptive Studies
• Exploratory versus Descriptive Studies Descriptive Longitudinal Studies
• Time-Series Longitudinal Research
• Panel Studies
• Cohort Studies
• Multiple-Group Trend Design
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Hypothesis and Causality
• Intervening and Interfering Variables
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 10 Causality Research Designs—Lior Gideon.
• Preexperimental Designs
• Before-and-After Design
• After-Only Design
• After-with-Comparison Design
• Experimental Designs
• Randomized Experimental Design
• Randomized Experimental Design with Comparison and Control
• Solomon Four-Group Experimental Design
• Multicenter Randomized Trial Design
• Ethics and Experimental Design in Criminal Justice Research
• Quasi-Experimental Designs
• Example of Quasi-Experimental Design: Evaluation of a Prison-Based Therapeutic Community
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 11 Deciding What Works What Doesn't and What Looks
• Promising—Lior Gideon.
• Methodological Quality Scales
• The SMS
• Statistical Conclusion Validity Construct Validity
• Points to Consider When Attempting to Promote the Use of Experimental Designs in Criminal Justice and Criminological Research
• Summary
• References
• PART V: SURVEY METHODOLOGY
• Survey Methodology: An Outline
• Chapter 12 Survey Research—Lior Gideon.
• Introduction
• Sampling and Response Rate Errors
• Nonsampling Errors
• Types and Personalities of Survey Interviewers
• Structuring Survey Questionnaire
• What Is a Questionnaire?
• Concept and Construct
• Design a Questionnaire
• Double-Barreled Questions
• Double Negative Questions
• "Leading" or "Loaded" Questions
• Biased Questions
• Pretesting
• Finalizing the Survey
• Summary
• References
• Recommended Readings
• Recommended Websites
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 13 Nonsampling vs. Sampling Errors in Survey Research—Assael, H., and Keon, J.
• Introduction
• Total Survey Error and Its Components
• Response Error
• Nonresponse Error
• Data Collection and Survey Design
• Analysis of Results
• Random Sampling Error vs. Nonsampling Error
• Direction of Response and Nonresponse Biases
• Results by Questionnaire Delivery Method
• Results by Pre-Alert Techniques
• Results by Follow-Up Techniques
• Results by Second Delivery
• Conclusion
• Appendix: Unbiased Estimates of Mean Squared Error for Total Survey Error, Nonsampling Error, and Sampling Error
• References
• Discussion Questions
• PART VI: QUALITATIVE METHODS
• Chapter 14 Ethnographic Research—Gideon, L.
• Definitions and Goals of Ethnographic Studies
• The Holistic Approach
• Phrasing Research Questions and Hypotheses in Ethnographic Studies
• The Ethnographic Research Design
• Sampling
• Time-Frame sampling
• People Sampling
• Event Sampling
• Location or Place Sampling
• Reliability and Validity in Ethnographic Research
• Reliability
• Validity
• Response and Behavior Reaction
• Social Recognition
• Multiple Method of Data Collection (Triangulation)
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 15 Observations as Data Collection Methods—Gideon, L., and Moskos, P.
• Observations: Aims and Limitations Potential Biases and Criticism of Observation Research
• Grounded Theory: Motivation for Discretionary Police Arrests
• Types of Observations
• The Pure Participant
• The Pure Observer
• Active Participant: The Participant as an Observer
• Active Observer: The Observer as a Participant (Participant Observation)
• Observation Methods
• What and Whom to Observe How to Observe
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 16 Interviewing: An Introduction—Gideon, L., and Moskos, P.
• Interview Topics in Criminology and Criminal Justice
• Types of Interview
• Types of Questions to Ask
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• Chapter 17 Focus Group: An Introduction—Lieberman, C., and Gideon, L.
• The Evolution of Focus Groups
• What Are Focus Groups, and When Should They Be Used?
• Sampling and Design Issues
• Participation and Interaction among Participants
• Analyzing Focus Group Data
• Focus Group Advantages
• Focus Group Disadvantages
• Summary
• References
• Discussion Questions
• PART VII: WRITING
• Chapter 18 Academic Writing: Research Proposal and Research Report—Gideon, L., and Barnes-Ceeney, K.
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Method Section Results
• Discussion
• Policy Implications
• References/Bibliography
• Most Common Referencing Styles
• Title Page
• Abstract
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Glossary
• Index