Contributors
Editors
SECTION I HUMAN NATURE: THE EFFECTS OF EVOLUTION AND
ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 1. The Value of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness
for gauging children's well-being
Darcia Narvaez, Jaak Panksepp, Allan Schore, Tracy Gleason
Chapter 2. Bowlby's "Environment of evolutionary adaptedness":
Recent studies on the interpersonal neurobiology of attachment and
emotional development
Allan Schore
Commentary: Early experience, neurobiology, plasticity,
vulnerability and resilience by Michael Lamb
Chapter 3. How primary-process emotional systems guide child
development: Ancestral regulators of human happiness, thriving and
suffering
Jaak Panksepp
Commentary: The integrative meaning of emotion by Daniel Siegel
Chapter 4. Epigenetics and the environmental regulation of the
genome and its function
Michael Meaney
Commentary: The messages of epigenetic research by Jerome Kagan
Chapter 5. Neurobiology and the evolution of mammalian social
behavior
C. Sue Carter and Stephen W. Porges
Chapter 6. Dopamine: Another 'magic bullet' for caregiver
responsiveness?
Alison Fleming, Viara Mileva-Seitz, Veronica M. Afonso
Chapter 7. The Neurobiological basis of empathy and its development
in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness
Eric E. Nelson
Commentary: The Death of Empathy? by Bruce Perry
SECTION COMMENTARY: Born For Art, and the Joyful Companionship of
Fiction by Colwyn Trevarthen
SECTION II: EARLY EXPERIENCE: THE EFFECTS OF CULTURAL PRACTICE
Chapter 8. Birth and the first postnatal hour
Wenda R. Trevathan
Chapter 9. Night-time nurturing: an evolutionary perspective on
breastfeeding and sleep
Helen Ball and Charlotte Russell
Chapter 10. Touch and pain perception in infants
Tiffany Field and Maria Hernandez-Reif
Chapter 11. Infant feeding practices: rates, risks of not
breastfeeding and factors influencing breastfeeding
Zaharah Sulaiman, Lisa H. Amir and Pranee Liamputtong
Commentary: Short term and long term effects of oxytocin released
by suckling and of skin to skin contact in mothers and infants by
Kerstin Uvnäs Moberg
Chapter 12. Developmental optimization
Darcia Narvaez & Tracy Gleason
Commentary: Darwin et al. on developmental optimization by David
Loye
SECTION COMMENTARY: Adaptations and Adaptations by Ross
Thompson
SECTION III: THEMES IN HUMAN EVOLUTION
Chapter 13. Play, plasticity, and ontogeny in childhood
Anthony D. Pellegrini and Adam F. A. Pellegrini
Chapter 14. The Value of a play-filled childhood in development of
the hunter-gatherer individual
Peter Gray
Chapter 15. Rough-and-tumble play and the cooperation-competition
dilemma: Evolutionary and developmental perspectives on the
development of social competence
Joseph L. Flanders, Khalisa N. Herman, and Daniel Paquette
Commentary: Play in Hunter-Gatherers by Barry Hewlett and Adam H.
Boyette
SECTION IV: PERSPECTIVES AND COUNTERPERSPECTIVES
Chapter 16. Perspective 1: Why would natural selection craft an
organism whose future functioning is influenced by its earlier
experiences?
Jay Belsky
Chapter 17. Perspective 2: Play, Plasticity, and the Perils of
Conflict: 'Problematizing' Sociobiology
Melvin Konner
Chapter 18. Perspective 3: The Emergent Organism: A New
Paradigm
William Mason
Chapter 19. Perspective 4: Can science progress to a revitalized
past?
Gay Bradshaw
Chapter 20. Perspective 5: Earliest experiences and attachment
processes
Howard Steele
Chapter 21. Perspective 6: Nurturant vs. non-nurturant environments
and the failure of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness
James W. Prescott
Chapter 22. Perspective 7: It's dangerous to be an infant: on-going
relevance of John Bowlby's Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness
(the EEA) in promoting healthier births, safer maternal-infant
sleep, and breastfeeding in a contemporary western industrial
context
James J. McKenna and Lee T. Gettler
SECTION V: CONCLUSION
Chapter 23. The Future of human nature: Implications for research,
policy, and ethics
Darcia Narvaez, Jaak Panksepp, Allan Schore and Tracy Gleason
Subject Index
Author Index
Darcia Narvaez is Associate Professor of Psychology at the
University of Notre Dame. Her research focuses on moral development
through the lifespan with a particular emphasis on early life
effects on the neurobiology underpinning moral functioning (triune
ethics theory). Dr. Narvaez has co-authored or co-edited seven
books and is editor of the Journal of Moral Education.
Jaak Panksepp is the Baily Endowed Chair of Animal Well-Being
Science at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State
University, in the Department of Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology,
and Physiology. His work has been devoted to the analysis of
neuroanatomical and neurochemical mechanisms of emotional behavior,
with a focus on understanding how basic affective processes are
evolutionarily organized in the brain. He is the author of
Affective Neuroscience
(2004) and Archaeology of the Mind (2012).
Allan N. Schore is on the clinical faculty of the Department of
Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA David Geffen School of
Medicine. His interdisciplinary studies on Regulation Theory,
grounded in developmental neuroscience and developmental
psychoanalysis, focus on the origin, psychopathogenesis, and
psychotherapeutic treatment of the early forming subjective
implicit self. He is the author of Affect Regulation and the Repair
of the Self (2003) and The
Science of the Art of Psychotherapy (2012).
Tracy R. Gleason is the Whitehead Associate Professor of Critical
Thought in the Psychology Department at Wellesley College, where
her research focuses on the development of children's understanding
of their relationships with others. Dr. Gleason is also
Psychological Director of the Wellesley College Child Study Center.
Her work has appeared in journals such as Developmental Psychology
and the Journal of Educational Psychology.
"This is a must-read for any neuroscientist, psychoanalyst, social
science researcher, mental health practitioner, and educator.
Ongoing dialogue through commentary and intense debate organize
this volume with contributions from internationally known experts.
We must integrate these findings as we struggle for answers
regarding human dysfunction through psychological symptoms,
violence in our communities, and the cyclical nature of human
destructiveness. Many
answers with clear direction toward realistic solutions are found
in this long-overdue and compelling book." -- Mark D. Smaller,
Ph.D., President-elect, American Psychoanalytic Association and
Executive Director (emeritus), The Neuropsychoanalysis
Foundation
"Bringing together a diverse collection of some of the greatest
experts on early development and social behavior, this carefully
edited volume presents an exciting new paradigm. The interplay
between nature and nurture, our evolved attachment system, and
affective neuroscience are brought together to erect a framework
that does justice to the caring side of our species." -- Frans de
Waal, Ph.D., C.H. Chandler Professor and Director of the Living
Links Center at
the Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, and author of The Age
of Empathy
"This is an exciting, thought-provoking, and intellectually
stimulating collection of chapters by an interdisciplinary group of
outstanding scholars. They tackle fundamental issues in human
nature, such as the role of early experience and early parent-child
bonds, the interweaving of biology, relationship, and culture, and
evolutionary influences on adaptive and maladaptive development."
-- Grazyna Kochanska, Dewey B. and Velma P. Stuit Professor of
Developmental Psychology, University of Iowa
"This volume offers a useful counterpoint to the fields' current
enthusiasm for research and theory focused on resilience and the
idea that all common patterns of behavior must be adaptive. The
editors present the case for early adversity as the impetus for
maladaptation, current child care arrangements as placing children
at risk because they deviate markedly from our environment of
evolutionary adaptedness, and the implications of this argument for
child
policies and practices. This volume is likely to spur debate." --
Megan R. Gunnar, Regents Professor, Director, Institute of Child
Development, University of Minnesota
"In spite of increasing evidence that our children are in peril,
U.S. social and educational policies do not reflect core findings
from decades of research on how to build healthy children. As the
data mounts on the rates of school failure, developmental
challenges, drug abuse, domestic violence, and incarceration,
ignoring this information is akin to ignoring the capacity to
immunize against widespread disease. This volume is an essential
step toward changing
the current epidemic of emotional and behavioral ill health
enveloping our young." -- Robin Karr-Morse, family therapist and
author of Scared Sick and Ghosts from the Nursery
"The editors have assembled the absolutely top characters to
explore this important topic-a book that is certain to be
discussed." -- L. Alan Sroufe, Professor Emeritus, Institute of
Child Development, University of Minnesota
"The group of outstanding authors in this book present their sense
of a most seductive evolutionary idea. Intriguing." -- Ed Tronick,
University Distinguished Professor, Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts
"This groundbreaking volume confronts the conditions of modern
childrearing with mounting interdisciplinary evidence on the
optimization of development. Distinguished scientists from several
fields, along with expert commentary, explore the implications of
evolution for how we raise children. This volume is field-expanding
and will have a galvanizing effect on research, policy and practice
for years to come." -- Ruth Lanius, London Health Sciences
Centre,
London, Ontario, Canada
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