Table of Contents

Introduction. Part I: Mechanisms of Ischemic Brain Damage. 1. Hemodynamic Events Associated with Acute Focal Brain Ischemia and Reperfusion. Ischemic Penumbra. 2. Cellular Reactions in Response to Acute Focal Brain Ischemia. 3. Energy Failure Induced by Brain Ischemia. 4. The Glutamate-Calcium Cascade. 4.1. The Induction Stage: Energy-Dependent Ion Pump Failure And Glutamate Excitotoxicity. 4.2. The amplification stage: intracellular accumulation of calcium ions, spreading glutamate release, spreading depression waves. 4.3. The expression stage: calcium-inducedactivation of intracellular enzymes, oxidative stress and abundant NO production, and accumulation of low molecular weight cytotoxic substances. 5. Metabolic Acidosis and Ischemic Damage. 6. Delayed Neuronal Death Following Acute Focal Brain Ischemia. 7. Gene Expression and Subsequent Molecular Events in Response to Acute Brain Ischemia. 8. Microglial Activation, Cytokine Production, and Local Inflammation in Focal Brain Ischemia. 8.1. Dynamics of pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and C-reactive protein concentration in CSF of patients with acute ischemic stroke. 8.2. Microvascular-cellular cascade and secondary brain damage. 9. Autoimmune Mechanisms of Trophic Dysfunction and Ischemic Brain Damage. 9.1. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its autoantibody concentration in CSF and serum of patients with ischemic stroke. 9.2. Neurospecific protein S100b and its autoantibody concentration in CSF and serum of patients with ischemic stroke. 9.3. Myelin basic protein and its autoantibody concentration in CSF and serum of patients with ischemic stroke. 9.4. Content of autoantibodies to NGF, S100beta, and MBP in serum of patients with chronic brain ischemia. 10. Programmed Cell Death. Apoptosis in Focal Brain Ischemia. 11. Reaction of the Stress-Mediating Endocrine System in Response to Acute Brain Ischemia. 12. Molecular Mechanisms of Post-Ischemic Reparation Events. Part II: Neuroprotection in Brain Ischemia. 13. Modern Therapeutic Approaches to Acute Focal Brain Ischemia. Basic Strategies for Neuroprotection. 14. Primary Neuroprotection. 14.1. Potential-dependent calcium channel antagonists. 14.2. Glutamate receptor antagonists. 14.3. Inhibitors of synthesis and pre-synaptic release of glutamate. 14.4. GABA agonists. 14.5. Glycine. 15. Secondary Neuroprotection. 15.1. Antioxidants. 15.2. Anti-intercellular adhesion molecule (anti-ICAM) antibodies. 15.3. Pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibitors; anti-inflammatory factors. 15.4. Statins and estrogens. 15.5. Neurotrophic factors. 15.6. Neuropeptides. 15.7. Gangliosides. 15.8. Prevention of apoptosis. 16. Reparative Therapy. 16.1. Piracetam. 16.2. Citicoline sodium. 16.3. Gliatilin. 16.4. Carnitine chloride. 17. Strategies and Prospects for Development of Neuro-protective Therapy for Brain Ischemia. Conclusion. Index.

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