CONTRIBUTORS vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO TINTINNIDS 1
1.1 Why a book on tintinnid ciliates? 2
1.2 What is a tintinnid ciliate? 3
1.3 The lorica as the defining characteristic of tintinnid ciliates 3
1.4 History of tintinnid studies 7
1.5 Tintinnids as model organisms for marine plankton 13
1.6 Key points 16
Acknowledgments 16
CHAPTER 2 THE TINTINNID LORICA 17
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Diversity formation and variability of loricae 19
2.3 Ultrastructure of loricae 32
2.4 Chemical composition of loricae 35
2.5 Lorica sedimentation 40
2.6 Key points 41
Acknowledgments 41
CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION OF TINTINNID CILIATES 42
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 History of tintinnid taxonomy and systematics 44
3.3 Evolution of tintinnids 49
3.4 How to read the tintinnid cladogram 64
3.5 Molecular analysis and comparison with morphologic data 69
3.6 Systematics 75
3.7 Comparison with the evolution of related planktonic ciliates: the aloricate choreotrichids oligotrichids and halteriids 81
3.8 Key points 83
Acknowledgments 84
CHAPTER 4 ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF TINTINNIDS 85
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Feeding 86
4.3 Growth 99
4.4 Swimming behavior 106
4.5 Response to abiotic factors and interactions with biotic factors 111
4.6 Tintinnids as models and in models 114
4.7 Key points 121
Acknowledgments 121
CHAPTER 5 PREDATORS OF TINTINNIDS 122
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Predators of tintinnids 133
5.3 Anti-predator defenses of tintinnids 141
5.4 Top-down control of tintinnids 142
5.5 Importance of tintinnids as prey for the predator 143
5.6 Tintinnids as vectors for algal toxins 143
5.7 Key points 144
Acknowledgments 144
CHAPTER 6 PARASITES OF TINTINNIDS 145
6.1 Background 146
6.2 Dinoflagellate parasites: morphology and infection cycle 149
6.3 Molecular evolution of dinoflagellates parasitizing tintinnids 160
6.4 Ecology of tintinnid parasites 165
6.5 Summary and future directions 169
6.6 Key points 169
Acknowledgments 170
CHAPTER 7 COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY OF TINTINNID CYSTS 171
7.1 Introduction 172
7.2 Morphology 173
7.3 Encystment and excystment 176
7.4 Ecological function of cysts 182
7.5 Key points 184
Acknowledgments 185
CHAPTER 8 FOSSIL TINTINNIDS 186
8.1 Introduction: a paucity of data 187
8.2 Proterozoic tintinnids: no evidence of a beginning 187
8.3 Paleozoic tintinnid reports: too thin to know 191
8.4 Mesozoic tintinnids and calpionellids: same shape different composition 191
8.5 Cenozoic tintinnids: sparse 192
8.6 Organic and agglutinated phanerozoic fossils: the most likely candidates 193
8.7 Conclusions and perspectives 195
8.8 Key points 197
Acknowledgments 197
CHAPTER 9 TINTINNIDS IN MICROZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES 198
9.1 Ecology of microzooplankton 199
9.2 Quantitative importance of tintinnids in microzooplankton assemblages 205
9.3 Characteristics that set tintinnids apart from other microzooplankton 211
9.4 Key points 212
Acknowledgments 213
CHAPTER 10 DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF TINTINNIDS 214
10.1 Introduction 215
10.2 Biogeography 215
10.3 Assemblages of coastal systems 233
10.4 Assemblages of open waters 239
10.5 Key points 241
Acknowledgments 243
REFERENCES 244
ORGANISM INDEX 288
SUBJECT INDEX 293
John Dolan has worked on plankton ecology for over 25years in systems ranging from eutrophic estuaries to theoligotrophic South Pacific. His research subjects are planktonprotists, especially ciliates and dinoflagellates and researchtopics are biodiversity, species packing, and the relationships ofform and function. David Montagnes is an aquatic ecologist. He combinesmodelling, laboratory, and field studies investigations into theecophysiology and behaviour of protists- aquatic taxa forming arich assemblage and occupying environmentally important niches. Hisresearch themes include the flow of energy and biomass inecosystems and how abiotic and biotic properties and anthropogenicperturbations alter individuals, populations, andecosystems. Sabine Agatha is a ciliate taxonomist. She has spent over 20years describing and classifying ciliates mostly from marinehabitats by combining morphologic and genetic approaches. Thebiodiversity, evolution, and biogeography of ciliates are her mainresearch topics. Wayne Coats is a recently retired protistologist. Hisresearch encompasses ecology, morphology, life history, andtaxonomy of dinoflagellates and ciliates. Parasitism and mixotrophyare featured themes of his work. Diane Stoecker is a biological oceanographer. Her laboratoryand field projects focus on microzooplankton and their grazing onphytoplankton and role as prey for copepods and othermesozooplankton. Plastid retention and mixotrophy in ciliates anddinoflagellates and their effects on population dynamics andtrophic transfer are other favorite research topics.
I expect that it will serve as an important reference forundergraduate and graduate students as well as for researchersdealing with plankton in general. And I am quite certain that itwill also be used by skilled zooplanktologists, lecturers ofzoology and plankton ecology, and others because this book offersthem the first and foremost source to look for information ontintinnids. (Marine Ecology, 22 November2013) This is a highly specialised book produced by a number ofdedicated contributors from several countries including the USA,Austria, France, Germany, Japan, Canada and the UK. It is clearlyan important reference book on this subject. (Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 30 October2013) This is a good book. The individual chapters arewell-written and authoritative ... However, since the book treatsall aspects of an important group of microzooplankton emphasizingfunctional biology and its role in plankton ecosystems, it shouldalso be of value to all interested in biologicaloceanography. (Marine Biology Research, 1 May2013) This well-produced, well-referenced book provides a greatresource for both protozoologists and marine plankton ecologists .. . The book should stimulate much thought and future research notonly on tintinnids, but also on marine protists ingeneral. (Oceanography, 1 March 2013) I enjoyed reading this book. As a synthesis of what weknow and do not know about a particular group of protists, thisbook is unique in its breadth of coverage. Consequently, I stronglyrecommend it to anyone interested in tintinnids and otherciliates it belongs in your personal library. (The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 1 May 2013) In summary, this is a unique and valuable addition to theliterature on marine plankton and a comprehensive text forgraduates, PhD students and even non-specialized seasonedscientists. (Scientia Marina, 1 June 2013) The best works of science and art open our minds to newpossibilities and inspire us to create yet more. This compendium oftintinnid science certainly fits that definition and merits a placein your own stack of current reading. Enjoy!. (Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 1 June2013) "Overall, I found The Biology and Ecology of Tintinnid Ciliatesto be well worth the read. I would recommend it to anyone whoseinterests include the plankton. Furthermore, as an amalgamation ofmore than a century s worth of tintinnid research, it shouldprove a valuable resource on the bookshelves of zooplanktonecologists and particularly those who study microzooplankton orciliates." (Estuaries & Coasts, 8 June 2013) I highly recommend this book to all researchers oftintinnids and would also strongly recommend it to anyone whowishes to deepen their understanding of an important group ofmarine microplankton. (Journal of PlanktonResearch, 1 April 2012) "Overall, after reading the book I had the impression I learnedquite a lot, especially from those chapters that are out myspecialty. I also appreciated that the text emphasizes themany things we do not know about this important group of marineheterotrophs." (Limnology & Oceanography Bulletin, 1February 2013)
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