About the Authors xi
Preface xiii
List of Symbols xvii
1. Flow Systems 1
1.1 Constructal Law, Vascularization, and Svelteness 1
1.2 Fluid Flow 6
1.2.1 Internal Flow: Distributed Friction Losses 7
1.2.2 Internal Flow: Local Losses 11
1.2.3 External Flow 18
1.3 Heat Transfer 20
1.3.1 Conduction 20
1.3.2 Convection 24
References 31
Problems 31
2. Imperfection 43
2.1 Evolution toward the Least Imperfect Possible 43
2.2 Thermodynamics 44
2.3 Closed Systems 46
2.4 Open Systems 51
2.5 Analysis of Engineering Components 52
2.6 Heat Transfer Imperfection 56
2.7 Fluid Flow Imperfection 57
2.8 Other Imperfections 59
2.9 Optimal Size of Heat Transfer Surface 61
References 62
Problems 63
3. Simple Flow Configurations 73
3.1 Flow Between Two Points 73
3.1.1 Optimal Distribution of Imperfection 73
3.1.2 Duct Cross Sections 75
3.2 River Channel Cross-Sections 78
3.3 Internal Spacings for Natural Convection 81
3.3.1 Learn by Imagining the Competing Extremes 81
3.3.2 Small Spacings 84
3.3.3 Large Spacings 85
3.3.4 Optimal Spacings 86
3.3.5 Staggered Plates and Cylinders 87
3.4 Internal Spacings for Forced Convection 89
3.4.1 Small Spacings 90
3.4.2 Large Spacings 90
3.4.3 Optimal Spacings 91
3.4.4 Staggered Plates, Cylinders, and Pin Fins 92
3.5 Method of Intersecting the Asymptotes 94
3.6 Fitting the Solid to the “Body” of the Flow 96
3.7 Evolution of Technology: From Natural to Forced Convection 98
References 99
Problems 101
4. Tree Networks for Fluid Flow 111
4.1 Optimal Proportions: T –and Y -Shaped Constructs 112
4.2 Optimal Sizes, Not Proportions 119
4.3 Trees Between a Point and a Circle 123
4.3.1 One Pairing Level 124
4.3.2 Free Number of Pairing Levels 127
4.4 Performance versus Freedom to Morph 133
4.5 Minimal-Length Trees 136
4.5.1 Minimal Lengths in a Plane 137
4.5.2 Minimal Lengths in Three Dimensions 139
4.5.3 Minimal Lengths on a Disc 139
4.6 Strategies for Faster Design 144
4.6.1 Miniaturization Requires Construction 144
4.6.2 Optimal Trees versus Minimal-Length Trees 145
4.6.3 75 Degree Angles 149
4.7 Trees Between One Point and an Area 149
4.8 Asymmetry 156
4.9 Three-Dimensional Trees 158
4.10 Loops, Junction Losses and Fractal-Like Trees 161
References 162
Problems 164
5. Configurations for Heat Conduction 171
5.1 Trees for Cooling a Disc-Shaped Body 171
5.1.1 Elemental Volume 173
5.1.2 Optimally Shaped Inserts 177
5.1.3 One Branching Level 178
5.2 Conduction Trees with Loops 189
5.2.1 One Loop Size, One Branching Level 190
5.2.2 Radial, One-Bifurcation and One-Loop Designs 195
5.2.3 Two Loop Sizes, Two Branching Levels 197
5.3 Trees at Micro and Nanoscales 202
5.4 Evolution of Technology: From Forced Convection to Solid-Body Conduction 206
References 209
Problems 210
6. Multiscale Configurations 215
6.1 Distribution of Heat Sources Cooled by Natural Convection 216
6.2 Distribution of Heat Sources Cooled by Forced Convection 224
6.3 Multiscale Plates for Forced Convection 229
6.3.1 Forcing the Entire Flow Volume to Work 229
6.3.2 Heat Transfer 232
6.3.3 Fluid Friction 233
6.3.4 Heat Transfer Rate Density: The Smallest Scale 234
6.4 Multiscale Plates and Spacings for Natural Convection 235
6.5 Multiscale Cylinders in Crossflow 238
6.6 Multiscale Droplets for Maximum Mass Transfer Density 241
References 245
Problems 247
7. Multiobjective Configurations 249
7.1 Thermal Resistance versus Pumping Power 249
7.2 Elemental Volume with Convection 250
7.3 Dendritic Heat Convection on a Disc 257
7.3.1 Radial Flow Pattern 258
7.3.2 One Level of Pairing 265
7.3.3 Two Levels of Pairing 267
7.4 Dendritic Heat Exchangers 274
7.4.1 Geometry 275
7.4.2 Fluid Flow 277
7.4.3 Heat Transfer 278
7.4.4 Radial Sheet Counterflow 284
7.4.5 Tree Counterflow on a Disk 286
7.4.6 Tree Counterflow on a Square 289
7.4.7 Two-Objective Performance 291
7.5 Constructal Heat Exchanger Technology 294
7.6 Tree-Shaped Insulated Designs for Distribution of Hot Water 295
7.6.1 Elemental String of Users 295
7.6.2 Distribution of Pipe Radius 297
7.6.3 Distribution of Insulation 298
7.6.4 Users Distributed Uniformly over an Area 301
7.6.5 Tree Network Generated by Repetitive Pairing 307
7.6.6 One-by-One Tree Growth 313
7.6.7 Complex Flow Structures Are Robust 318
References 325
Problems 328
8. Vascularized Materials 329
8.1 The Future Belongs to the Vascularized: Natural Design Rediscovered 329
8.2 Line-to-Line Trees 330
8.3 Counterflow of Line-to-Line Trees 334
8.4 Self-Healing Materials 343
8.4.1 Grids of Channels 344
8.4.2 Multiple Scales, Loop Shapes, and Body Shapes 352
8.4.3 Trees Matched Canopy to Canopy 355
8.4.4 Diagonal and Orthogonal Channels 362
8.5 Vascularization Fighting against Heating 364
8.6 Vascularization Will Continue to Spread 369
References 371
Problems 373
9. Configurations for Electrokinetic Mass Transfer 381
9.1 Scale Analysis of Transfer of Species through a Porous System 381
9.2 Model 385
9.3 Migration through a Finite Porous Medium 387
9.4 Ionic Extraction 393
9.5 Constructal View of Electrokinetic Transfer 396
9.5.1 Reactive Porous Media 400
9.5.2 Optimization in Time 401
9.5.3 Optimization in Space 403
References 405
10. Mechanical and Flow Structures Combined 409
10.1 Optimal Flow of Stresses 409
10.2 Cantilever Beams 411
10.3 Insulating Wall with Air Cavities and Prescribed Strength 416
10.4 Mechanical Structures Resistant to Thermal Attack 424
10.4.1 Beam in Bending 425
10.4.2 Maximization of Resistance to Sudden Heating 427
10.4.3 Steel-Reinforced Concrete 431
10.5 Vegetation 442
10.5.1 Root Shape 443
10.5.2 Trunk and Canopy Shapes 446
10.5.3 Conical Trunks, Branches and Canopies 449
10.5.4 Forest 453
References 458
Problems 459
11. Quo Vadis Constructal Theory? 467
11.1 The Thermodynamics of Systems with Configuration 467
11.2 Two Ways to Flow Are Better than One 470
11.3 Distributed Energy Systems 473
11.4 Scaling Up 482
11.5 Survival via Greater Performance, Svelteness and Territory 483
11.6 Science as a Consructal Flow Architecture 486
References 488
Problems 490
Appendix 491
A. The Method of Scale Analysis 491
B. Method of Undetermined Coefficients (Lagrange Multipliers) 493
C. Variational Calculus 494
D. Constants 495
E. Conversion Factors 496
F. Dimensionless Groups 499
G. Nonmetallic Solids 499
H. Metallic Solids 503
I. Porous Materials 507
J. Liquids 508
K. Gases 513
References 516
Author Index 519
Subject Index 523
ADRIAN BEJAN, PhD, is the J. A. Jones Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Duke University.
SYLVIE LORENTE, PhD, is Full Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Toulouse, INSA, The Laboratory of Materials and Durability of Constructions.
"This book represents the outcome of over 12 years of research and teaching by the authors on constructal theory and its application. It provides comprehensive and elegant discussion of a revolutionary new approach for understanding and predicting the designs that arise in both nature and engineering, from the tree and the forest to the cooling of electronics, urban design, decontamination, and vascular smart materials. This book is highly recommended for everyone, especially students and professionals in mechanical, civil, environmental, energy and power, chemical, aerospace, and biomedical engineering, as well in geophysics and biology." (International Journal of Energy Research, 2010) "The constructal law provides a broad coverage of "designedness" everywhere, from engineering to geophysics and biology….it provides the student with strategy for how to pursue and discover design-the configurations or patterns-in both space and time. Constructal theory pushes design thinking closer to science and away from art. It tears down the walls between engineering and natural sciences." (Mechanical Engineering, September 2009) "A balance between individual and institutional approaches is the best idea, according to a new theory by a Duke University engineer Adrian Bejan, who thinks institutions benefit most from the co-existence of large groups that self-organize naturally and lone scientists coming up with brilliant new ideas…. big thinkers didn't disappear. Bejan argues they continued to thrive. He thinks his "constructal theory," which he began describing in 1996, might explain why. The theory states that so-called flow systems evolve to balance and minimize imperfections, reducing friction or other forms of resistance, so that the least amount of useful energy is lost. Examples in nature include rivers and streams that make up a delta or the intricate airways of the lungs. In research done by humans, Bejan sees two main flows: those of ideas in the form of scientific findings, and those of support, measured by tangible factors such as funding and lab space." (Robert Roy Brit, LiveScience.com, Yahoo.news.com, December 2008) "Design with Constructal Theory offers a revolutionary new approach to design based on physics for understanding and predicting the designs that arise in nature and engineering…This book shows how you can use the method of constructal theory to design human-made systems in order to reduce trial and error and increase the system performance. It is beautifully illustrated, in color and black & white. This book is highly recommended to professors, students and professionals in mechanical, civil, environmental, chemical, aerospace and biomedical engineering. It is recommended to all the readers interested in design in nature, and in design as science, strategy, and novel and effective designs." (International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 11/12/08)
 |
Ask a Question About this Product More... |
|
