Table of Contents

Note on the Companion Website  ix

Acknowledgments  xi

Introduction. Biting the Invisible Hand  1

1. Performance  33

2. Labor  87

3. Space  135

4. Race  203

Conclusion. The "New" Blackface  267

Notes  307

Bibliography  351

Index  365

About the Author

Nicholas Sammond is Associate Professor of Cinema Studies at the University of Toronto. He is the author of Babes in Tomorrowland: Walt Disney and the Making of the American Child, 1930-60, and the editor of Steel Chair to the Head: Essays on Professional Wrestling, both also published by Duke University Press.

Reviews

"Nicholas Sammond’s study provides a detailed, thoughtful, exhaustively researched examination of the process by which the early animation studios cast about for technical and semiotic models to inform their new art form and drew upon the complex and conflicted vocabulary of blackface minstrelsy to do so."
*Journal of American History*

"Birth of an Industry is a welcome addition and valuable contribution to the ongoing academic discussion of the relationship of ethnic tensions to the art and business of animation."
*African American Review*

"Sammond's impressive Birth of an Industry condenses and stretches various links among the evolving art, labor, and business of early animated film."
*Choice*

"Moving effortlessly among theories of comedy, critical race theory, performance studies, animation criticism, and both Marxist and Freudian analyses, Sammond has produced a comprehensive study of the rise of American animation."
*Studies in American Humor*

"Few authors . . . have proved minstrelsy's connections to early animation as carefully and convincingly as Nicholas Sammond in his thoughtful text Birth of an Industry."
*Journal of Southern History*

"Sammond’s work in The Birth of An Industry is notable and fascinating. . . . By unpacking each component of the production and representation of minstrel animation, Sammond builds the space needed for an insightful discussion."
*Journal of Popular Culture*

"Birth of an Industry offers a timely, valuable, and theoretically distinguished intervention."
*Animation*

"With Birth of an Industry, Nicholas Sammond demonstrates that the specter of racialized caricature and its attending performative power dynamics have a longer and more pernicious continuum through which race, industry, and the nation understood and affected one another."
*Media Industries*