Table of Contents

Indexes of Tables, Figures and Maps 4

Editor’s Introduction 5

Part One: Capabilities, Trends and Economics

Chapter 1

Domain trends 7

Defence budgets and expenditure 9

Tracked self-propelled artillery: selected current and nextgeneration systems 11

Amphibious ship programmes and capabilities 12

In-service or in-development bomber aircraft 13

Chapter 2

Defence and military analysis 14

Defence intelligence: Maintaining relevance in the open-source era 14

Simulation and defence: Training benefits and trends 18

Military adaptation to climate change: Reducing emissions and maintaining military effectiveness 23

Chapter 3

North America 26

Regional trends in 2021 26

Arms procurements and deliveries 42

United States: defence policy and economics 28

Armed forces data section 45 Canada: defence policy 40

Chapter 4

Europe 64

Regional trends in 2021 64

United Kingdom: defence policy 79

Regional defence policy and economics 66

Arms procurements and deliveries 83

Spain: defence policy and economics 76

Armed forces data section 86

Chapter 5

Russia and Eurasia 164

Regional trends in 2021 164

Arms procurements and deliveries 178

Russia: defence policy and economics 166

Armed forces data section 181 Armenia: defence policy and economics 175

Chapter 6

Asia 218

Regional trends in 2021 218

Arms procurements and deliveries 244

Regional defence policy and economics 220

Armed forces data section 247 China: defence policy and economics 233

Chapter 7

Middle East and North Africa 318

Regional trends in 2021 318

Arms procurements and deliveries 329

Regional defence policy and economics 320

Armed forces data section 332 Israel: defence policy 327

Chapter 8

Latin America and the Caribbean 378

Regional trends in 2021 378

Arms procurements and deliveries 390

Regional defence policy and economics 380

Armed forces data section 392

Colombia: defence policy and economics 387

Chapter 9

Sub-Saharan Africa 436

Regional trends in 2021 436

South Africa: defence policy 444

West Africa: defence policy 438

Regional defence economics 445

East Africa: defence policy 440

Arms procurements and deliveries 450

Central and Southern Africa: defence policy 443

Armed forces data section 452

Chapter 10

Military cyber capabilities 507

Part Two Reference

Explanatory notes 511

Principal land definitions 515

Principal naval definitions 516

Principal aviation definitions 517

List of abbreviations for data sections 519

International comparisons of defence expenditure and military personnel 521

Index of country/territory abbreviations 527

Index of countries and territories 528

About the Author

The International Institute for Strategic Studies is an independent centre for research, information and debate on the problems of conflict, however caused, that have, or potentially have, an important military content. The staff of the Institute is international in composition and IISS work is international in its perspective and reach. The Institute is independent and stresses rigorous fact-based research with a forward-looking policy orientation that can improve wider public understanding of international security problems and influence the development of sounder public policy, and more effective business decisions in the international arena.