Table of Contents

Editors, viii Contributors and Reviewers, ix Foreword, xv Preface, xvii User s Guide, xix Abbreviations, xxi The World, xxii Section 1: Infectious Disease Drivers, 1 1 Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3 2 Population, 5 3 Urbanization, 7 4 Global Connectivity, 9 5 Human Development, 11 6 Global Peace Index, 13 7 Life Expectancy and Child Mortality, 15 8 Water and Sanitation, 17 9 Undernutrition, 19 10 Climate, 21 11 Forest Cover Change, 23 12 Natural Disasters, 25 13 Antibiotic Use, 27 14 Inherited Blood Disorders and Duffy Antigen, 29 15 Immunization Coverage DTP3, 31 16 Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, 33 17 Malaria Vectors, 35 18 Livestock Density, 37 19 Bird Migration, 39 Section 2: Bacterial Infections, 41 20 Anthrax, 43 21 Bartonellosis, Bartonella bacilliformis, 45 22 Bartonellosis, Bartonella quintana, 47 23 Botulism, 49 24 Brucellosis, 51 25 Buruli Ulcer, 53 26 Cholera, 55 27 Diphtheria, 57 28 Donovanosis, 59 29 Ehrlichioses, 61 30 Endemic Treponematosis, 63 31 Haemophilus influenzae Type b, 65 32 Leprosy, 67 33 Leptospirosis, 69 34 Listeriosis, 71 35 Lyme Disease, 73 36 Melioidosis, 75 37 Meningococcal Meningitis, 77 38 Noma, 79 39 Pertussis, 81 40 Plague, 83 41 Pneumococcal Disease, 85 42 Q Fever, 87 43 Rat Bite Fever, 89 44 Relapsing Fever, 91 45 Rickettsioses, Tick-borne, New World, 93 46 Rickettsioses, Tick-borne, Old World, 95 47 Scrub Typhus, 97 48 Streptococcus suis, 99 49 Tetanus, 101 50 Trachoma, 103 51 Tuberculosis, 105 52 Tularemia, 107 53 Typhoid Fever, 109 Section 3: Fungal Infections, 111 54 Blastomycosis, 113 55 Coccidioidomycosis, 115 56 Histoplasmosis, 117 57 Mycetoma, 119 58 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 121 59 Penicilliosis, 123 Section 4: Parasitic Infections, 125 60 Amebiasis, Entamoeba histolytica, 127 61 Anisakidosis, 129 62 Babesiosis, 131 63 Capillariasis, Intestinal, 133 64 Clonorchiasis, 135 65 Cysticercosis, 137 66 Diphyllobothriasis, 139 67 Dracunculiasis, 141 68 Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, 143 69 Eosinophilic Meningitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 145 70 Fascioliasis, 147 71 Fasciolopsiasis, 149 72 Filariasis, 151 73 Hookworm, 153 74 Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous and Mucosal, New World, 155 75 Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous and Mucosal, Old World, 157 76 Leishmaniasis, Visceral, 159 77 Loiasis, 161 78 Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, 163 79 Malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, 165 80 Malaria, Plasmodium ovale, 167 81 Malaria, Plasmodium vivax, 169 82 Onchocerciasis, 171 83 Opisthorchiasis, 173 84 Paragonimiasis, 175 85 Schistosomiasis, Africa & Americas, 177 86 Schistosomiasis, Asia, 179 87 Strongyloidiasis, 181 88 Trypanosomiasis, African, 183 89 Trypanosomiasis, American, 185 Section 5: Viral Infections, 187 90 Avian influenza (A/H5N1), 189 91 Barmah Forest & Ross River Virus Disease, 191 92 Bunyamwera Viral Fever, 193 93 Bunyavirus Group C Disease, 195 94 California Group Virus Disease, 197 95 Chikungunya Fever, 199 96 Colorado Tick Fever, 201 97 Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, 203 98 Dengue, 205 99 Eastern Equine Encephalitis, 207 100 Ebola and Marburg Virus Disease, 209 101 Hantaviral Disease, New World, 211 102 Hantaviral Disease, Old World, 213 103 Hendra and Nipah Virus, 215 104 Hepatitis A, 217 105 Hepatitis B, 219 106 Hepatitis C, 221 107 Hepatitis E, 223 108 Human Immunodeficiency Virus, 225 109 Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1, 227 110 Japanese Encephalitis, 229 111 Lassa Fever, 231 112 Mayaro Fever, 233 113 Measles, 235 114 Monkeypox, 237 115 Mumps, 239 116 O nyong-nyong Virus Disease, 241 117 Oropouche Virus Disease, 243 118 Poliomyelitis, 245 119 Rabies, 247 120 Rift Valley Fever, 249 121 Rotaviral Enteritis, 251 122 Rubella, 253 123 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, 255 124 Sindbis Fever, 257 125 Tacaribe Complex Virus Disease, 259 126 Tick-borne Encephalitis, 261 127 Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, 263 128 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, 265 129 Western Equine Encephalitis, 267 130 West Nile Fever, 269 131 Yellow Fever, 271 132 Zika Fever, 273 Index, 275

About the Author

Heiman F.L. Wertheim, MD, PhD Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford UniversityClinical Research Unit, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases,Hanoi, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Departmentof Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK Peter Horby, MBBS, FFPH Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford UniversityClinical Research Unit, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases,Hanoi, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Departmentof Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK John P. Woodall, MA, PhD ProMED-mail co-founder and Associate Editor; Institute ofMedical Biochemistry, Centre for Health Sciences, FederalUniversity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (retired)

Reviews

I would definitely recommend the book to anyoneinterested in, or working within the field of infectious diseasesand public health, as an invaluable asset to theircollection. (The Bulletin of The Royal College ofPathologists, 1 July 2013) If you re interested in infectious diseases and you likemaps, you ll love leafing through the Atlas of HumanInfectious Diseases. It shows the global distribution of more than110 diseases, from well-known scourges such as malaria and cholerato oddballs like strongyloidiasis and O nyong nyongvirus disease. Maps have been available for many diseases, but,Wertheim notes, it s often unclear who made them or what datawere used - and they frequently contain errors. Wertheim (a clinical microbiologist working in Hanoi for theWellcome Trust and Oxford University) didn t want anelectronic atlas but a book you can draw inspiration from as youread it on the couch. The editors took five years to prepare themaps, sifting through data from countless papers, field reports,and other sources. Each map was reviewed by two experts for itsparticular disease. The atlas also charts underlying factors suchas water and sanitation, international travel, andurbanization. Infectious diseases are nothing if not dynamic, and freelyaccessible updates will appear on a forthcoming companion website.Meanwhile, Wertheim hopes that the gaps in the maps will inspireresearchers to collect more data on where pathogens occur. For manydiseases, Africa is epidemiology s terra incognita aspainfully large gray areas in the atlas testify. (MartinEnserink, Science,Vol. 336, June 2012) From its title and external appearance, Atlas of HumanInfectious Disease could be mistaken for a cytology orhistology text. Once open, a geography book appears, and quicklyenough, its pages reveal an essential visual almanac for anyonewhose work confronts, or whose interests include, infectiousdiseases. This book shows the pictures we often seek but havedifficulty finding: those that answer the question, Where? For a less common disease, where has it beenreported? For a more common one, where is it not controlled? Partatlas and part disease manual, this work reflects an intensiveeffort by 120 contributors and reviewers, assuring the user of abroad, collective expertise. Oxford tropical disease researchersHeiman F.L. Wertheim and Peter Horby and ProMED mail co-founderJohn P. Woodall are the lead editors. The book provides taxonomicconsistency with widely available sources such as the Control ofCommunicable Diseases Manual, and scientific articles specificto each topic were used extensively. The first 40 of its 273 pages offer mapping of factors thatinfluence disease transmission, clinical penetrance, and control.This portion could easily stand alone as a reference for a broadrange of readers interested in any of numerous topics, fromurbanization to climate to the global use of antibiotics andvaccines. The bulk of the book is a compendium of 2-page,clinical epidemiologic summaries of human infections, eachhaving the same leftpage map and right-page text layout. Anequal-area world map is the usual template for incidence andendemicity displays, whereas regional maps and insets are used asneeded; however, no section or entry on geographically diverse,health care associated bacterial infections is included. Theentries do include selected opportunistic infections, but apartfrom agents of general public health importance such as bloodborneviruses, health care associated infections are not givenparticular attention. On the other hand, doing so could easily havedoubled the volume of the book. Overlays on the maps are simple and usually contrast well withthe core scheme to readily show relationships. For example, theoutlining of vector distributions does not interfere with the useof solid colors to map disease occurrence. Where overlays would notwork as well, the page includes one or more parallel maps, whichmay show inverse relationships such as immunization coverage versusdisease incidence. The book indirectly begs for better surveillanceby depicting large gray areas marked No Data; eventhe most developed countries often fail to escape this distinction.In fact, the type of passive reporting that supplied map data forsome diseases leaves one wondering: is it no data or no disease ? Clever adjustments for reporting bias were made in some cases,though the nature of source data too often prohibits any validattempt. Likewise, dependence on political borders to outlinegeographic distribution usually prohibits depiction of spatialdensity. When a disease has worldwide distribution, that fact isnot usually evident in the map, which instead focuses on high-riskareas. This method is appropriate and reinforces the need to usethe map and text pages together. Purchasers are provided a code to download the book in a digitalformat. Downloading is a fast and easy process, as is using theelectronic version of the book itself. A single click on any topicor figure in the navigation pane takes the reader directly to thepage desired. The resolution is excellent, and one can eitherscroll or page up and down through each entry. The Atlas clearly sets a new standard as a geographicmedicine reference and is certain to become an indispensable toolfor epidemiologists and infectious diseases specialists. Theeditors hope it will also encourage the reporting of infectiousdiseases worldwide, which may well become its most important role.(Bruno P. Petruccelli, Retired, Medical Corps, US Army) This is an excellent resource if one is looking for mapswith verifiable sources of the distribution of infectious diseasesand their drivers. (Doody s, 7 September2012)