Table of Contents

Part I Islam in ascendance

1 The historical setting of the great age

2 The record of original achievement

3 Science in a religious society

4 Al-Ghazali at the crossroads

Part II The Latin connection: from Greco–Arab classical to European modern

5 The Latin connections: translation and transmission

6 Latin assimilation and ascendancy

7 Renaissance and Revolution

Part III From Muslim empires in rise and fall to Western ascendance

8 Military ascendancy: 1258–1600

9 Prologue to decline: the past as future

10 Military misfortune and the beginning of scientific and technical transfer 1600–1722

11 The Tulip Period

12 Toward a new order

13 The new order

Part IV Catching up to the West: science assimilation in Cairo and Istanbul under autocratic reformers

14 The West’s continuing progress

15 Bonaparte’s expedition: savants, shaykhs and the Institut d’Egypte

16 Muhammad Ali’s militarization of modernization and educational reform

17 Foreign missions

18 Assessment of Muhammad Ali’s reforms

19 Azharite shaykhs and modern science

20 Intensification of Ottoman reform under Sultan Mahmud

About the Author

John W. Livingston is Associate Professor of History at the William Paterson University of New Jersey, USA.