Dedication.- Foreword.- Preface.- Acknowledgments.- About the Editors.- Contributors.- How the Application of the Multiple Intelligences (MI) Framework could Positively Contribute to the Theory and Practice of International Negotiation.- International Negotiations, Evolution and the Value of Compassion.- Personal Schemas in the Negotiation Process: A Cognitive Therapy Approach.- Emotional Competence and Effective Negotiation: The Integration of Emotion Understanding, Regulation, and Communication.- Tacit Knowledge Structures in the Negotiation Process.- Ways to Improve Political Decision-Making: Negotiating Errors to be Avoided.- Escalation of Images in International Conflicts.- Communication Preliminary to Negotiation in Intractable Conflict.- Negotiating a New Deal between Science and Society: Reflections on the Importance of Cognition and Emotions in International Scientific Cooperation and Possible Implications for Enabling Sustainable Societies.- Representative Decision Making: Constituency Constraints on Collective Action.- Ideal Negotiator: A Personal Formula for the New International System.- How it Looks When Negotiations Fail: Why do We Need Specific and Specialized Training for International Negotiators?.- Cognitive Therapy in National Conflict Resolution: An Opportunity. The Lebanese Experience Transformative Leadership for Peace Negotiation.- Social Cognitive Psychotherapy: From Clinical Practice to Peace Perspectives.- Conclusions.
Francesco Aquilar received his “Dottore in Psicologia” degree from the University of Rome, Italy. He is a psychologist and a cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist in private practice in Naples, Italy. Dr. Aquilar is the President of the Italian Association for Social and Cognitive Psychotherapy (AIPCOS), and Supervisor of the Italian Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy (SITCC). Since more than 15 years he is a member of the Governing Body of the European Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (EABCT). He has more than 60 professional publications in the areas of anxiety disorders, eating disorders, marital and family discord, social psychology, interpersonal negotiations, and has also given numerous international presentations on the cognitive-behavioural treatment of psychological problems and couple distress. Among his many publications, Dr. Aquilar is author of Test psicologici e pubblicità (Psychological testing and advertising, Rome 1982), Riconoscere le emozioni (Identifying emotions, Milan 2000), Psicoterapia dell’amore e del sesso (Psychotherapy for love and sex problems, Milan 2006a), Le donne dalla A alla Z (Women from A to Z, Milan 2006b); he is editor or coeditor of La coppia in crisi: istruzioni per l’uso (Couples in crisis: operating instructions, with S. Ferrante, Assisi 1994), La coppia in crescita (Couples in growth, Assisi 1996), Psicoterapia delle fobie e del panico (Psychotherapy for phobias and panic, with E. Del Castello, Milan 1998), Psicoterapia dell’anoressia e della bulimia (Psychotherapy for anorexia and bulimia, with E. Del Castello and R. Esposito, Milan 2005). He is coauthor of Psychological processes in international negotiations: theoretical and practical perspectives (with M.Galluccio, New York, 2008).
Mauro Galluccio received his PhD in Political Science from the Free University of Brussels, Belgium. He is the President of the European Association for Negotiation and Mediation (EANAM), based in Brussels. Dr. Galluccio studied for a long time in Italy and has a degree in both political sciences and psychological sciences and techniques for the persons and the community. He has given many speeches, presented numerous papers and symposia at international conferences and congresses on the subject of International Relations, with a particular interest in the application of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy principles to the field of political sciences. As lecturer on behalf of the Directorate-General Communication of the European Commission he gives conferences to many International Universities, enterprises, and national administrations from different Countries. Dr. Galluccio has worked within the European institutional framework as political analyst and adviser. He was political coordinator at the Directorate-General of the European Commission for Development and Relations with African, Caribbean and Pacific States. Previously he was Spokesman to the President of COPA and coordinator of the Crisis Management Unit at the COPA-COGECA. Among Dr. Galluccio’s research interests are those on applied cognitive psychology and psychotherapy; interpersonal negotiations; specific training for negotiators and politicians; preventive diplomacy and conflict resolution; Common Foreign and Security Policy for the European Union; the European Union internal negotiation processes and institutional external communication. He is coauthor of Psychological processes in international negotiations: theoretical and practical perspectives (with F. Aquilar, New York, 2008).
"This 16-chapter edited volume should be required reading for all
negotiators, educators, researchers, and activists concerned for
“peace negotiation” and related topics (e.g., national and
international conflict resolution, interpersonal and marital
conflicts). I offer this ringing endorsement because the editors of
Psychological and Political Strategies for Peace Negotiation: A
Cognitive Approach, Francesco Aquilar and Mauro Galluccio, have
assembled a sterling group of contributors who address a broad
spectrum of topics that encompass psychological, social, and
political considerations in political negotiation.
The chapter contributors come from numerous countries (e.g.,
Canada, France, Germany, Lebanon, Russia, Serbia, Scotland,
Turkey), and they represent a number of different specialty areas
(e.g., biological ecology, clinical psychology, international
relations, political science, psychiatry, sociology). All are
published specialists in peace negotiation and conflict
resolution.
In today’s global era our lives have become increasingly
interdependent. Events in distant lands now often have immediate
and profound implications for everyone. We are, indeed, the fabled
“global village” that Marshall McLuhan (1962) wrote about almost a
half-century ago. One outcome of our global era is that
conflicts—ranging from minor disputes to chronic intractable
military violence and wars among nations and different
ethnopolitical groups—place all of our lives and well-being in
jeopardy. The tightly woven web of international relations leaves
little latitude for escape from a host of destructive consequences.
Efforts must be made to address these conflicts in substantive and
meaningful ways, and the current volume goes a long way toward
meeting this goal because of both its breadth and substance.
I found each chapter to broaden my thinking about the many nuances
and complexities of peace and conflict resolution. From the opening
chapter by Howard Gardner (multiple intelligences) to the closing
chapter by Francesco Aquilar (use of social cognitive therapy from
individuals to nations), the reader is treated to a range of
conceptual models, empirical research, intervention strategies, and
informed opinions on the changes needed to improve peace
negotiations.
Imagine a volume on peace negotiation that gives rich discussion on
so many issues: emotion, communication, and compassion (e.g., Paul
Gilbert, Carolyn Saarni); going beyond reliance on conventional
appeals to logic (e.g., Robert Leahy); tacit knowledge (Thomas Dowd
and Angela Roberts Miller); escalation images (e.g., Guy Faure);
pre-encounter communication (e.g., Dean Pruitt); limits of science
and sustainability (e.g., Cornelia Nauen); constraints and
limitations from constituents (e.g., Druckman, Çuhadar, Beriker,
and Celik); and the need for special training of peace negotiators
(e.g., Olivera Zikic). The chapter by Meichenbaum summarizes a
score of thinking errors that often occur in negotiation (e.g.,
stereotypes, seeking consistency, attribution errors); the chapter
by Karam on Lebanon offers one of the best analyses of an actual
peace negotiation that I have read; and the chapters by Galluccio
and by Kremenyuk offer inspiring visions for the future for peace
negotiation and world peace.
I do, however, have a few suggestions. As a cultural psychologist I
would suggest more explicit attention be given to ethnocultural
considerations. I say “explicit” because many of the chapters are
sensitive to the ethnocultural differences of the negotiating
parties, and they address these differences via discussions of
emotion, compassion, histories, thinking styles, and so forth.
However, I am speaking here about the possibility of focusing
specifically on the topic of ethnopolitical considerations via
discussions of alternative cultural constructions of reality (e.g.,
Avruch & Vejarano, 2002; Marsella, 2005, 2007).
Ethnocultural differences have always been a bane in conflict
negotiation. For example, in discussing the example of truth and
reconciliation processes, Avruch and Vejarano (2001, 2002), wrote:
Most of the truth and truth and reconciliation commissions covered
in the literature have worked (when they do) in Christian
countries, and have recourse to broadly (if not perfectly) shared
Christian values. But any attention to culture should alert us to
the recognition that such notions as justice, truth, forgiveness,
reconciliation, and accountability—to name a few—are always
socially constructed and culturally constituted. Research in
conflict resolution has already established different modalities
for Islamic and “Western” cultures around such key ideas as
justice, peace, and reconciliation—and contrition and
forgiveness—and there is no reason to think that cultural
differences stop there. (Avruch & Vejarano, 2002, p. 43)
In my work on ethnocultural considerations, I have noted that there
are profound differences across ethnocultural groups in the
perception, processing, and storage of information about the world
across verbal, imagistic, emotional, proprioceptive, visceral, and
total body modalities. What is important here is that, too often,
Western approaches to reality construction emphasize the
verbal/rational linear thinking approach.
Consider our many and varied psychotherapies: They depend heavily
upon verbalization—using words to communicate complex ideas,
feelings, and memories. However, many groups do not code reality in
the verbal mode. As a result, the use of verbal channels to change
behavior may be limited.
I can recall a failed therapy occasion with a Filipino plantation
worker in Hawaii who thanked me for my efforts after a number of
counseling sessions. He said, “Thank you, doctor, you are a good
person, but I still don’t feel good.” He did not feel good because
I failed to access the many channels of his codification of
experience and the rich and detailed material that was there and
that needed to be addressed via other methods beyond talking.
He was, as all of us are, a whole person—body, mind, and spirit. I
had to learn from this case that I had failed to tap all the modes
(i.e., image, emotion, proprioceptive, visceral) in which his
experience had been encoded and was being experienced as part of
his adjustment. The power of accessing all modes of experience
among different ethnocultural groups cannot be ignored or dismissed
in something as critical as peace negotiations.
I wish to commend the editors and authors of Psychological and
Political Strategies for Peace Negotiation: A Cognitive Approach
for an exceptional effort that does much to advance the area of
peace negotiation and conflict resolution. I recommend this volume
heartily as a definite advance in our knowledge and a definite
contribution to peace and justice: not to be missed."
- Anthony J. Marsella, PsycCRITIQUES, August 24, 2011, Vol. 56, No.
34, Article 8
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