Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - 8 ILLUSTRATIONS - 11 1. INTRODUCTION - 12 2. CHINESE ETHNIC IDENTITY IN SURINAME - 51 3. FUIDUNG’ON HAKKAS – THE ‘OLD CHINESE’ - 75 4. THE NEW CHINESE - 108 5. THE PRC PRESENCE IN SURINAME - 148 6. MIGRATION AND CHANGING PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS - 192 7. THE ‘OLD CHINESE’ ROUTE TO PARTICIPATION: POLITICS OF CHINESENESS - 247 8. THE NEW CHINESE ROUTE TO PARTICIPATION: CHINATOWN POLITICS - 293 9. THE 2005 LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS - 329 10. CONCLUSIONS - 370 EPILOGUE - 387 APPENDIX 1: The Frame of Chinese Stereotypes - 392 APPENDIX 2: Tong’ap Lives through Chinese Texts - 397 APPENDIX 3: Chinese Ethnic Identification in Suriname - 409 APPENDIX 4: GLOSSARY OF CHINESE TERMS - 414 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS - 425 MAPS - 428 REFERENCES - 431 ENGLISH SUMMARY - 458 NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING - 468

About the Author

Paul Brendan Tjon Sie Fat (Paramaribo, 1966), studied Sinology at Leiden University. He returned to the Netherlands to commence his PhD research at the University of Amsterdam in 2001, bringing to bear his background in Sinology, linguistics, identity issues and anti-discrimination NGOs on the problems of modern migration and citizenship in Suriname.