Table of Contents

I: Introduction: Narratives of Early Modern German History
II. Germany and the Holy Roman Empire in 1500
1: Origins and Frontiers
2: The Reich as a Polity
3: Fragmented Territories
4: The Reich and the German Nation
III. The Reform of the Reich and the Church c. 1490-1519
1: The Reformation Era in German history
2: The Reich under Maximilian I
3: Reich, Papacy, and Reichskirche
4: Religious Renewal and the Laity
5: Humanism in the Reich
6: The 'Print Revolution' and the Public Sphere
7: Economic Landscapes, Communities, and their Grievances
8: Martin Luther and the 'Luther affair' 1517-19
IV. Charles V and the Challenge of the Reformation in the 1520s
1: The Reich During the First Decade of Charles V
2: Luther and Imperial Politics, 1519-1526
3: Luther and the German Reform Movement
4: Alternative Reformations and the Dominance of Lutheranism
5: The Knights' War, 1522-23
6: The Peasants' War 1525
7: Reformation in the Cities
V. Mastering the Reformation c. 1526-1555
1: The Emergence of Protestant Territories
2: The Persistence of Catholicism
3: Charles V, Ferdinand, and the Reich in Europe
4: The Establishment of Protestantism, 1526-1530
5: The Schmalkaldic League, its Counterparts and the Politics of the Reich, 1530-1541
6: Charles V as 'Lord of Germany', 1541-58
7: The Triumph of the Reich, 1548-1555
VI. Managing the Peace 1555-1618
1: Contours of the 'Confessional Age'
2: Emperors, Imperial Officials, and Estates after the Peace of Augsburg
3: Constitutional developments after 1555: Reichstag, Kreise, Courts, and Legislation
4: The Reich in Europe
5: Managing the Domestic Peace, 1555-c.1585
6: The Consensus Falters, c. 1585-1603
7: Paralysis, 1603-1614
8: Problems of the Habsburg Dynasty
9: The Reich in the Reign of Emperor Matthias, 1612-19
10: The Crisis of the Habsburg lands
VII. The German Territories and Cities after 1555
1: Problems of Interpretation
2: A Benign Environment?
3: State Formation?
4: Domestic Order and Defence
5: Confessionalisation?
6: Finance, Taxation, and Estates
7: The Resurgence of the Courts
8: Imperial Cities
9: Responding to Crises
VIII. The Thirty Years War 1618-1648
1: The Thirty Years War in German History
2: What Kind of Conflict?
3: The Reconquest of Austria and Bohemia, 1618-1623
4: Ferdinand Victorious
5: Denmark and the War for the Reich, 1623-29
6: What Kind of Reich? Sweden and the Defence of German Liberties, 1630-35
7: Wallenstein and After
8: France, Sweden, and the German Way, 1635-48
9: The Peace of Westphalia
10: The Impact of the War on German Society
11: The Thirty Years War and the German Polity
Glossary
Abbreviations
Bibliography

About the Author

Joachim Whaley read History at Christ's College Cambridge. He held Fellowships in History at Christ's College and Robinson College before becoming a Lecturer in German in the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at Cambridge, where he teaches German history, thought, and language. He is the author of Religious Toleration and Social Change in Hamburg 1529-1819 and of numerous articles on early modern and modern German history. He was elected a Fellow
of the Royal Historical Society in 1984, and Fellow of the British Academy in 2015.

Reviews

scholars ... will concur in their debt to Whaley's magnum opus ... [it] stands apart as the most authoritative account of the early modern empire
*C. Ingrao, CHOICE*

...a monumental history of the Holy Roman Empire.which far surpasses everything that has been written about the subject to date. German history between the Reformation and Napoleon has never been written in such a lively, multi-facetted, source-based, and coherent manner. a history that embraces the whole of [German] culture, religion, economy and society.
*Süddeutsche Zeitung*

Whaley sees the Reich as a continually reforming, diverse but legally ordered polity, rather than some kind of bizarre monstrosity or collective fiction. His two volumes are exceptionally well written and highly nuanced and reflect the latest scholarship. Indeed, they represent a huge personal achievementthey will provide a standard of scholarship against which all future works will be measured.
*Alan Sked Reviews in History*

... its complexity and sophistication ...[the] stupendous breadth and depth of Whaley's knowledge. The two volumes are full of incisive chapters on topics as diverse as economic policies, religious reform movements, court culture ... skilfully crafted and engrossing narrative...
*Michael Schaich, Times Literary Supplement*

superb and authoritative study.
*Peter Oborne, Daily Telegraph*

Whaley's account is one of the best works on early modern German history. From the first page to the last, it shows how German history can be presented as both a history of Emperor and Empire, and a history of common culture. It will immediately establish itself as a standard guide to its subject.
*Georg Schmidt, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena*

Overall brilliantly successful ... a detailed account of two hundred years of German history ... In a thousand details the monograph is more knowledgeable that other English-language accounts of German history ... and in numerous respects it is more knowledgeable than many a German handbook ... Whaley demonstrates a stupendous knowledge of German history. The reviewer believes this book is the most important English-language work on pre-modern German history for at least two decades.
*Axel Gotthard, Sehepunkte*

An enterprise of this magnitude requires a steady hand on the tiller, as the author steers between the rocks of historiographical controversy and the shoals of submerged detail Whaley accomplishes his argosy with poise and style. These two volumes, which will undoubtedly become a first point of reference, are a remarkable achievement of which the author should feel justly proud.
*Tom Scott, English Historical Review*

the most comprehensive survey of Germany's early modern history ever undertaken, the first book of its kind since the 1950s, and one of the most substantial works of historical scholarship published in the UK in 2011.
*Research Horizons, University of Cambridge*

essential reading
*Edward Bradbury, Contemporary Review*

His work, though different in emphasis and organisation, stands equal with the major German speaking syntheses today existing such as by Horst Rabe, Karl Otmar von Aretin, Heinz Schilling, or Georg Schmidt. His detailed knowledge of the vast relevant research literature, in German or in any other language, on topics ranging from the later fifteenth to the early nineteenth century is breath-taking. As such, this work is a must-read for all students of Early Modern Germany unless they work on specific issues of social and demographic history. The superior quality of Whaley's synthesis is beyond question. This is a masterpiece that demands close attention and respect.
*Robert von Friedeburg, H-Soz-u-Kult online*

an account whose methodological reflection, thematic range, and wealth of detail are unparalleled... these two volumes will quickly become standard works... their particular form, combining sections on historiography and methodology, structural history and the history of events, has no counterpart in the German-language historiography.
*Stefan Ehrenpreis, German Historical Institute London Bulletin*

...successfully combines an experts love of detail with a clear view of the large picture...[It] can be recommended without hesitation as a valuable handbook for history teachers, students and journalists... [and] anyone interested in the historical-political development of Germany in Europe.
*Willi Eisele, AHF-Information*

a work of impressive scholarship and considerable erudition ... These two volumes put the Empire firmly back into German history. They provide a richly detailed, judiciously balanced discussion of the last three centuries of the Empires existence ... Whaleys history is a must for anyone with a serious interest in early modern Germany.
*Peter Wilson, Central European History*

A full and fresh assessment of more than three hundred years of German history ... the best political and institutional history of the Reich in any language ... Whaley seems to have read and digested everything. For this astonishing achievement alone one must be grateful ... As a general treatment of three centuries of legal and institutional history Whaley's volume will stand as a monument of erudite revisionism that, within its self-imposed limits, could hardly be improved.
*H. C. Erik Midelfort, The Sixteenth Century Journal Vol. XLIII No. 4 (2012), pp. 1225-7.*

Joachim Whaley's magnificent new two-volume study ... sets out precisely wherein the Old Reichs distinctive character lay and enables us to appreciate the reasons why it held the loyalties of so many for so long ... The whole is presented with admirable lucidity, free of jargon ... Whaley's monumental and magisterial study will assuredly quickly become and deservedly long remain a standard authoritative handbook for anyone concerned with the subject.
*John L Flood, The Modern Language Review*

Joachim Whaley's magnificent book gives readers the best, most persuasive available account in any language of the revisionist case. He turns the old view on its head ... He displays a remarkably wide-ranging knowledge of German culture during the three centuries covered by his book ... This is a bracing book of ideas and arguments, sustained over 125 chapters and almost 1,500 pages. It is both scholarly and very readable.
*David Blackbourn, Common Knowledge*

This monumental study ... rests on an impressive body of knowledge, not least on knowledge of the secondary literature ... the extraordinary readability of the two volumes ... makes this text an enjoyable read for specialists, students and enthusiasts from many different fields.
*Laura Anna Macor, Historia Philosophica [translation]*

Whaley negotiates a vast bibliography, which includes the history of institutions, to offer an excellent tool that is both a compass for orienting oneself among the various issues and itself a starting point.
*Michaela Valente, Archivio Storico Italiana*

One of the most impressive and helpful scholarly monographs of 2012... In this landmark study, Whaley provides a historical overview in which he evaluates narratives and interpretations, that are revealing about the thinking of the period but also in view of some modern views and theories. Chapter by chapter, he tests the validity of perceptions and the sense of identity Germans began to develop in the 16th century not least in opposition to wider European aspirations and claims. By questioning patterns of established thought Whaley manages time and again to add new insights to the interface of subject areas such as theology, politics, the economy and social issues... His study will be as useful to the established scholar as it is to the novice seeking to understand the influences and concerns that shaped the...Empire.
*Ulrike Zitzlsperger, The Years Work in Modern Language Studies, lxxiv (2014)*

These two-volumes ... are the fruit of long and thorough research and stand out for their many hundreds of pages of reader-friendly freshness. The external perspective of British scholarship has succeeded in producing a standard work on both German and European history.
*Prof. Dr. Bernd Schneidmüller, University of Heidelberg [translation]*

Joachim Whaley crowns a long generations work of demystifying the empires history with these two large, learned, and impressive volumes.
*The Journal of Modern History*

Whaleys two volumes mark an immense accomplishment and should be read by any scholar working on the early modern Empire or early modern politics in general. They represent the most comprehensive history of the Empire available in English and are sure to generate debate for decades to come.
*Christopher Close, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 2013 literature*

Whaley's two volumes mark an immense accomplishment and should be read by any scholar working on the early modern Empire or early modern politics in general. They represent the most comprehensive history of the Empire available in English and are sure to genereate debate for decades to come.
*Archiv fuer Reformationsgeschichte*

a massive and exceptionally successful project that offers a comprehensive view of the Holy Roman Empire ... From the point of view of Austrian history, the author is constantly concerned to reflect critically on the relationship of the [Habsburgs'] German hereditary lands, as well as Hungary and Bohemia to the Empire. The volume is encyclopaedic in scope ... the author demonstrates great breadth and expertise in pursuing his themes of political, cultural, constitutional and social history ... In view of its balanced approach and profundity the volume will occupy an unchallenged place in the libraries of scholars next to the work of Aretin and the major handbooks of German and European history ... This work is also exceptionally well written and it represents an awesome achievement on the part of the author
*Martin Scheutz, Mitteilingen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 2014 [translation]*

a recognised authority in the field stupendous and enviable knowledge of the scholarly literature [offers] a counterpoint to the decline narratives [of the empire] that still dominate [German historiography]
*Gabriele Haug-Moritz, Zeitschrift fuer Historische Forschung*

There is no similar comprehensive and multi-perspectival account [of early modern German history] ... the publication of these volumes is an event for German historians too ... With its encyclopaedic aspiration, the mass of information he offers concerning political, legal, religious-intellectual, administrative, educational and economic developments, as well as the numerous perceptive judgements which correct previous research, Whaley has produced a standard work on the history of the early modern Old Reich, which stands on its own in the international scholarship on this subject ... He has produced a thoroughly scholarly and intelligent work that combines a wealth of information with an ability to formulate original arguments and revise received scholarly opinions.
*Christoph Kampmann, Historische Zeitschrift*

These two volumes offer an historical survey of roughly three centuries such as I have never before encountered. Joachim Whaley has produced a masterpiece. He has not overlooked anything at all. The two volumes are perfectly researched and the price ... is more than reasonable. Anyone interested in modern history and in particular the history of Germany must read this work.
*Fachbuchkritik [review of German edition]*

a pleasure to read ... Whaley shows how the efforts to create an intellectual and political framework in the pre-constitutional era had lasting effects to the present.
*Joachim Frank, Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger [review of German edition]*

a great achievement that he has introduced the English-speaking public to German history before the twentieth century in such a comprehensive manner and that he shows so decisively how the old national narrative has been revised. The sheer volume of the material that he employs also commands respect.
*Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung [review of German edition]*

The new standard work on the period in which people still spoke of "German liberties".
*Jens Jessen, Die Zeit [review of German edition]*

Joachim Whaley's two volumes on the Holy Roman Empire constitute what is undoubtedly the best work on the topic currently available on the European market ... Whaley surpasses all [others] ... He thus overcomes the prevalent tendency of writing the history of the Empire in separate political, constitutional, religious and economic terms ... he displays an astonishing eye for detail ... No other piece of scholarship can match the attention to detail paid to such a wide variety of different aspects of the history of the Holy Roman Empire as can be found in Whaley's magnum opus. Whaley stands out, as his predecessors in writing the history of the Empire had primarily concentrated on political history alone.
*Michael North, German History*