Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Introduction
The Argument: Explaining Pakistan's Persistent Revisionism In the Face of Repeated Defeats
Organization of this Volume

Chapter 2. Can Strategic Culture Explain the Pakistan Army's Persistent Revisionism?
Pakistan's Enduring and Expanding Revisionism
Explaining Persistent Revisionism
Strategic Culture Wars
Pakistan: An Army with a Country
Reproducing Culture: Recruitment in the Pakistan Army
Methods and Sources of this Study

Chapter 3. Born an Insecure State
Cracking the Raj
Imagining Pakistan
The Problem of the Princely States
Untangling the Punjab
Breaking Up the Indian Army
Historical Legacies: A Punjabi Army
Building a Modern Army
Table 2.1: Corps and Locations
Implications for the Pakistan Army's Strategic Culture

Chapter 4. The Army's Defense of Pakistan's 'Ideological Frontiers'
The Ideology of Pakistan
The Army's Embrace of the Ideology of Pakistan
The Army's Methods of Islamization
The Army's Instrumentalization of Islam
Implications

Chapter 5. Pakistan's Quest for Strategic Depth
British Management of the Frontier: The Great Game
Pakistan's Army Seeks Strategic Depth: Managing Pakistan's Frontier and Beyond
The Army Manages the Afghan Threat
The Rise and Fall of the Taliban
The Army's and the Internal Threat on the 'Frontier'
Implications: Is the Past Prologue for Afghanistan and the Frontier?

Chapter 6. India under the Pakistan Army's Gaze
Multiple Crises and Four Wars
India: Through the Eyes of the Pakistan Army
Conclusions and Implications

Chapter 7. Seeking Security through Alliances
Pursuing the Americans: An Alliance for Survival
The Pakistan Tilt
Chasing China: The All-Weather Friend
The Strains of War
Pakistan's Relations with the United States and China through the Eyes of the Army
Conclusions and Implications

Chapter 8. Seeking Security under a Nuclear Umbrella
Origins of Pakistan's Nuclear Program
Proliferation Under the Eye of the State
Nuclear Doctrine and Use
Risk Taking Under an Expanding Nuclear Umbrella
As Bad As it Gets?
Table 8.1 Cross Tabulations of Conflict Months by Nuclear Status
Table 8.2: Conflict Rate by Nuclear Period
Conclusions and Implications

Chapter 9. Jihad under the Nuclear Umbrella
Origins of Pakistan's Use of Non-state Actors
From Peoples' War to Low Intensity Conflict under a Nuclear Umbrella
Pakistan's Militant Assets
Pakistani Support for the Militants?
The Internal Jihad: A Case Study of Lashkar-e-Taiba
Conclusions and Implications

Chapter 10. Is the Past Prologue
Endogenous Game Changers
Democratic Transition?
Economic Shocks-For Better and for Worse
Civil and Un-Civil Society: Impetus for Change?
Change from Within the Army?
Table 10.5. Punjabis versus Baloch in Balochistan
Exogenous Sources of Change?
Conclusions: Prospects for Change from Within and Without?

Chapter 11. The Army's Strategic Culture and Implications for International Security
Managing Pakistan's Persistent Revisionism?


References

Appendices: Maps

About the Author

C. Christine Fair is an Assistant Professor in the Security Studies Program within Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. She previously served as a senior political scientist with the RAND Corporation, a political officer with the United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan in Kabul, and a senior research associate in the Center for Conflict Analysis and Prevention at the United States Institute of Peace.

Reviews

"In this painstakingly developed and brilliantly argued book, one of America's leading South Asia scholars examines Pakistan's chronic insecurities and grand ideological ambitions that generate high levels of conflict for itself, the region, and the world. Using extensive primary and secondary sources, Christine Fair shows conclusively that Pakistan is insecure not only for its inability to obtain Kashmir, but due to a civilizational notion that it ought to be
a co-equal with India and that it should employ all means, including Jihadist violence, to obtain strategic parity with its larger neighbor. Her findings have far-reaching consequences and immense
policy implications." --T.V. Paul, McGill University, and author of The Warrior State
"Provocative and essential: this book will make you think seriously about one of the world's newest danger points." --Stephen P. Cohen, Brookings Institution, and author of Shooting for a Century
"Pakistan is at an historical crossroads yet again. It needs to clearly define its future by ending the ambivalence about good and bad militancy. Either it becomes a successful democratic entity with a thriving economy or it heads into debilitating internal and external conflict. Fair's penetrating critique of its mid-level military narratives, often charged with Islamist dogma, is a must-read for both civilian and military leaders, as they seek a course
correction in their domestic governance and relations with friends and foes." --Shuja Nawaz, Director, South Asia Center, Atlantic Council, and author of Crossed Swords
"Pakistan's dominant institution, the army, has embraced an anti-Indian Islamo-nationalism that alone can explain some of its less professional institutional decisions. In her well-researched book, Fair analyzes the ideological underpinnings of the Pakistan army's strategic culture. It is a valuable addition to the literature on the subject with original material often overlooked by scholars in the past." --Husain Haqqani, former Pakistan ambassador to the US,
and author of Magnificent Delusions
"In this book, Fair combines a deep knowledge of South Asia with insights from international relations theory. It provides a compelling assessment of Pakistan's strategic behavior focused on the preferences of the most important institution in the country -- the Pakistani Army. The book is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding the security environment in this important region of the world." --S. Paul Kapur, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School
" Dr. Christine Fair, in this scholarly and well researched masterpiece of Pakistan's defense literature, brings out the strategic culture of the Pakistan army... This book is a must read for all policy planners in India and the United States. This would help them shed many of their illusions and accept realities howsoever uncomfortable." --Maulimuses
"Professor C. Christine Fair, a security studies expert at Georgetown University, has produced a formidably comprehensive evaluation of what keeps the Pakistan army ticking, to what end and through what means... Professor Fair's solidly academic account should have no difficulty finding its way to the top of the charts and the hands of both the Pakistani and non-Pakistani civil and military planners, where it rightly belongs." --Daily Times
"Fair, a well-known American scholar of the subcontinent, offers powerful insights into the sources of the army's dominance and examines the prospects for a potential change in the coming years... By poring over its official publications, examining its self-beliefs and tracking its evolution as an institution, Fair comes to some definitive conclusions that compel all those who have business to do with Pakistan to rethink their assumptions." --The Indian
Express
"Fair's excellent scholarship makes it amply clear how dangerous Pakistan's deep-rooted contradictions and convictions are." --Live Mint
"Fighting to the End breaks new ground in scholarship on Pakistan. It provides revealing insights in to why Pakistan is hell bent on pursuing such strategic policies which hurt it the most." --Indian Defence Review
"Professor C. Christine Fair, a security studies expert at Georgetown University, has produced a formidably comprehensive evaluation of what keeps the Pakistan army ticking, to what end and through what means... Professor Fair's solidly academic account should have no difficulty finding its way to the top of the charts and the hands of both the Pakistani and non-Pakistani civil and military planners, where it rightly belongs." --Pakedu.net
"Fighting to the End is an exhaustive, illuminating and empirically rich work. It is a valuable book because the author carefully interprets the role Pakistan plays in its region, which has broader international ramifications. For these reasons, this volume is likely to become an indispensable read not only for students and academics interested in deepening their understanding of Pakistan, but also for policymakers in Europe and the US alike."
--Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
" ... a very well researched and insightful book that draws upon on years of interaction with the Pakistani military, and a deep immersion in the professional literature by which it educates its officer class." --Mike Markowitz, StrategyPage
"Christine Fair's incredibly well-researched book, the product of decades of engagement with Pakistan, pulls no punches. She analyses the role of the Pakistani army in the internal politics of Pakistan, but unlike Ayesha Siddiqa's similarly excellent work Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan's Military Economy (Pluto Press, 2007), she concentrates on the international dimensions of the policies pursued by the Pakistani army and the implications that this has
for regional and international security." --Political Studies Review
"This work is a thought provoking contribution to the study of Pakistan's security dilemmas, providing interesting narratives, though partially selective in its arguments. Moreover, the book proves a cogent and well-referenced source of information on Pakistan's strategic culture. It is a critical study on the history of the Pakistan-India confrontation and to be recommended to scholars, researchers, and students of politics, history, international relations,
security, and war studies."
-Pacific Affairs