Table of Contents

PART I. Introduction 1. Introduction 2. The Terminations of the Glacial Cycles. 3. Previous synthesis of Last Deglaciation in Europe

PART II. Climate changes during the Last Deglaciation in the Eastern North Atlantic region 4. Introduction 5. The Heinrich-1 Stadial 6. The Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 7. The Younger Dryas Stadial

PART III. The European glacial landforms during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 8. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from deglaciation SECTION 1. European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) 9. European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 10. Fennoscandia: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 11. Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 12. European Russia: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 13. The Eurasian Arctic: Glacial landforms during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 14. The North Sea and Mid Norwegian Continental Margin: glacial landforms during deglaciation, the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial and the Younger Dryas. 15. Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka). SECTION 2. European regions that were not covered by the EISC 16. The Polar Ural Mountains: Deglaciation history. 17. Iceland: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 18. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka). 19. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka). 20. The Alps: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9 to 14.6 ka). 21. The Pyrenees: environments and landforms in the aftermath of the LGM (18.9–14.6 ka). 22. The evolution of glacial landforms in Iberian Mountains during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka). 23. The Italian Mountains: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka). 24. The Balkans: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka). 25. The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka). SECTION 3. Synthesis of Part III 26. The European glacial landscapes from the main deglaciation

PART IV. The European glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) 27. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial SECTION 1. European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) 28. European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) 29. Fennoscandia: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka). 30. Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 31. European Russia: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 32. The Eurasian Arctic: Glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka BP). 33. Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial. SECTION 2: European regions that were not covered by the EISC 34. Iceland: Glacial landforms and raised shorelines from the Bølling-Allerød interstadial. 35. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial. 36. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms during Bølling –Allerød Interstadial. 37. The Alps: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 38. The Pyrenees: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 39. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Iberian Mountains during Bølling-Allerød Interstadial. 40. The Italian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 41. The Balkans: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 42. The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial SECTION 3. Synthesis of the Part IV 43. European glacial landscapes from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial

PART V. The European glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9-11.7 ka) 44. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from Younger Dryas SECTION 1. European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) 45. The EISC evolution during the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9-11.7 ka). 46. The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas Stadial. 47. Younger Dryas local moraines in western and northern Norway 48. Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 49. European Russia: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 50. The Eurasian Arctic:?Glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 51. Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial SECTION 2. European regions that not were covered by the EISC 52. Iceland: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial 53. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial. 54. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas 55. The Alps: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial 56. The Pyrenees: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial 57. The evolution of glacial landforms in Iberian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial. 58. The Italian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 59. The Balkans: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 60. The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. SECTION 3. Synthesis of Part V 61. The European glacial landscapes from the Younger Dryas Stadial

PART VI. The Synthesis of the European Landscapes from Last Deglaciation 62. The importance of European glacial landscapes in a context of great climatic variability

About the Author

David Palacios is Full Professor of Physical Geography at the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. He has been the coordinator for Spanish National Projects since 1998 to the present, and Spanish coordinator of two European Projects. He has served as founder and director of the High Mountain Physical Geography excellence research group for 12 years, and has authored over 200 international research papers, 100 chapters, and has edited five books. Philip Hughes is Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom. He obtained his first degree in geography at the University of Exeter graduating in 1999. This was followed by a Masters in Quaternary Science, then a PhD in Geography (2004), both at the University of Cambridge (Darwin College). His PhD was on the glacial history of the Pindus Mountains, Greece. This was then followed by a postdoctoral research project examining the glacial history of Montenegro at the University of Manchester (2004-2006). He has since worked on glaciation across the Mediterranean mountains in Greece, Albania, Montenegro, Croatia, Spain and with recent research activities focusing on the Atlas Mountains, Morocco. His research has utilised U-series dating and cosmogenic nuclides to date moraines in a variety of different lithologies, from limestones to basalts. In addition to studies of Mediterranean mountain glaciations he has also published on global glaciations and stratigraphy in Quaternary science. In addition to several edited scientific volumes on glaciation, in 2016 he published the textbook The Ice Age with co-authors Jürgen Ehlers and Philip Gibbard. In 2011 Philip also edited with these co-authors the highly successful Elsevier volume Quaternary Glaciation: Extent and Chronology – A Closer Look. Philip Hughes is Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom. José M. García-Ruiz is Ad Honorem Research Professor of the National Research Council of Spain (CSIC) at the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology. He was the Head of the University College of La Rioja (1982-1984), the head of the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (1988-1990) and President of the Spanish Society of Geomorphology (1994-1996). His main focuses of interest have been related with the interactions between land use changes and their consequences on soil erosion, connectivity between hillslopes and fluvial channels, and fluvial dynamics. The evolution of mountain landscapes since mid-Holocene has been also a main focus of research, in relation with deforestation caused by paleolithic shepherds and Middle Ages transhumant herds, including the recent afforestation caused by land abandonment and the decline of transhumance systems. In parallel, he has published a high number of studies on glacial evolution in northern Iberian Peninsula, particularly in the Pyrenees. Nuria de Andrés is Professor of Physical Geography at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain). Her PhD was on the application of GIS to the study of hazards in tropical high volcanoes (Mexico and Peru). She has participated in 22 research projects funded in public calls and she is currently leading a research project on the reconstruction of neoglacial oscillations in Iceland. She has published nearly a hundred research papers on the dynamics of deglaciation in mountains and its impact on geodiversity. Her research work focuses on the study of glacier and periglacial geomorphology in mountain areas through the application of different dating techniques and GIS. In addition to the Iberian mountains, she has conducted research in other mountain regions (northern Iceland, Western United States, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Peruvian Andes), which has given her a broad understanding of land surface processes in cold climate environments. She heads the High Mountain Physical Geography excellence research group.