Table of Contents

List of Illustrations viii
Introduction 1

PART ONE. A Language of Politics, 1848–1902 19
1. United by Land 21
2. Translation, a Measure of Power 38
3. Choosing Language 67
4. A Language of Citizenship 89
5. The United States Sees Language 111

PART TWO. A Political Language, 1902–1945 135
6. A Language of Identity 137
7. The Limits of Americanization 167
8. Strategic Pan-Americanism 191
9. The Federal Government Rediscovers Spanish 211
10. Competing Nationalisms: New Mexico and Puerto Rico 232

Epilogue 253
Acknowledgments 267
Abbreviations 271
Notes 273
Select Bibliography 333

About the Author

Rosina Lozano is Associate Professor of History at Princeton University.

Reviews

"A well-written and -researched account of the complicated history of language in the United States and its relationship to power and people."
*History of Education Quarterly*

"An outstanding contribution to historiography. It will become a standard reference on language in the American Southwest. Its wealth of primary sources and thematic interventions in a variety of topics brilliantly demonstrates just how much can be uncovered by a focus on that most basic of topics—language."
*Southwestern Historical Quarterly*

"An American Language is not only an important book because the conflict over who gets to speak Spanish in the U.S. continues, but because Lozano does a thorough job at documenting and telling the history of Spanish in U.S. society. Lozano has made a significant contribution not only to the history of Spanish, but to language policy, politics, and planning. It is an asset to language rights advocates and pushes the boundaries of Spanish in the U.S. as a field of inquiry."
*Spanish in Context*

"An American Language provides an original discussion of linguistic citizenship and offers insight into the historical racialization of Spanish-speakers. . . . Lozano skillfully garners archival sources to offer an insightful comparative analysis of the changing status of Spanish in the United States, and the role that Spanish-speakers—from treaty citizens to Chicanos—played in refusing second-class citizenship based on their use of Spanish."
*Journal of American History*

"A sophisticated and intricate narrative about the foundational history of Spanish in the United States, as well as the history of ethnic Mexican U.S. citizens (treaty citizens, Mexican immigrants, and U.S.–born citizens of Mexican descent)."
*Journal of Arizona History*

"Con este título la profesora Lozano hace una valiosa aportación al estudio de la historia de los hispanohablantes en el sur de los Estados Unidos, analizando su contexto político y social. La autora ha demostrado con este trabajo tan revelador que se pueden abrir nuevos caminos dentro de esa fructífera vía, aún poco investigada."
*Journal of the Association for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies*

"Lozano has made a strong case for language as a tool for expressing power. . . . In sum, the author succeeds at illuminating the dynamic history of Spanish language rights in the United States. And, in the process she also offers an important corrective to the notion of a monolingual national politic."
*Latino Book Review*

"An American Language has breadth and vision. . . . [and] the implications of its findings surely reach to our day."
*Latin American Research Review*