Table of Contents

List of Contributors xii

Preface xv

Chronological List xviii

Philosophy in the Middle Ages: An Introduction 1
Jorge J. E. Gracia

PART I: THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT

1 The Ancient Philosophical Legacy and its Transmission to the Middle Ages 15
Charles H. Lohr

2 The Patristic Background 23
Stephen F. Brown

3 Philosophy in the Latin Christian West: 750–1050 32
Peter King

4 The School of Chartres 36
Winthrop Wetherbee

5 Religious Orders 45
M. Michèle Mulchahey and Timothy B. Noone

6 Scholasticism 55
Timothy B. Noone

7 The Parisian Condemnations of 1270 and 1277 65
John F. Wippel

PART II: THE AUTHORS

1 Adam of Wodeham 77
Rega Wood

2 Adelard of Bath 86
Jeremiah Hackett

3 Alan of Lille 88
John Marenbon

4 Albert of Saxony 90
Edward Grant

5 Albertus Magnus 92
Mechthild Dreyer

6 Albumasar (Abu Ma’shar) 102
Jeremiah Hackett

7 Alexander of Hales 104
Christopher M. Cullen

8 Alfarabi (Al-Farabý) 109
Deborah L. Black

9 Algazali (Al-Ghazalý) 118
Thérèse-Anne Druart

10 Alhacen (Al-Hasan) 127
David C. Lindberg

11 Alkindi (Al-Kindi) 129
Jean Jolivet

12 Alrazi (Al-Razý) 136
Thérèse-Anne Druart

13 Anselm of Canterbury 138
Jasper Hopkins

14 Arnaldus of Villanova 152
Francisco Bertelloni

15 Augustine 154
Scott MacDonald

16 Avempace (Ibn Bájjah) 172
Idris Samawi Hamid

17 Avencebrol (Ibn Gabirol) 174
Tamar Rudavsky

18 Averroes (Ibn Rushd) 182
Richard C. Taylor

19 Avicenna (Ibn Sýna) 196
David B. Burrell

20 Bernard of Clairvaux 209
Brian Patrick McGuire

21 Berthold of Moosburg 215
Bruce Milem

22 Boethius 217
John Magee

23 Boethius of Dacia 227
B. Carlos Bazán

24 Bonaventure 233
Andreas Speer

25 Dante Alighieri 241
Timothy B. Noone

26 Denys the Carthusian 243
Kent Emery, Jr.

27 Dietrich of Freiberg 245
Roland J. Teske

28 Dominicus Gundissalinus 247
R. E. Houser

29 Durand of St. Pourçain 249
Russell L. Friedman

30 Francis of Marchia 254
Russell L. Friedman

31 Francis of Meyronnes 256
Roberto Lambertini

32 Gabriel Biel 258
Russell L. Friedman

33 Gaetano of Thiene 260
Stephen E. Lahey

34 Gersonides 262
Sarah Pessin

35 Gilbert of Poitiers 264
John Marenbon

36 Giles of Rome 266
Silvia Donati

37 Godfrey of Fontaines 272
John F. Wippel

38 Gonsalvo of Spain 281
A. G. Traver

39 Gregory of Rimini 283
Jack Zupko

40 Guido Terrena 291
Francisco Bertelloni

41 Hasdai Crescas 293
Tamar Rudavsky

42 Henry of Ghent 296
R. Wielockx

43 Henry of Harclay 305
Mark G. Henninger

44 Hervaeus Natalis 314
Roland J. Teske

45 Heymeric of Camp 316
Peter J. Casarella

46 Hildegard of Bingen 318
Bruce Milem

47 Hugh of St. Victor 320
Michael Gorman

48 Isaac Israeli 326
Sarah Pessin

49 Isidore of Seville 328
Sandro D’Onofrio

50 James of Metz 330
Russell L. Friedman

51 James of Viterbo 332
Mark D. Gossiaux

52 Jean de la Rochelle 334
Gérard Sondag

53 Jerome of Prague 336
Jonathan J. Sanford

54 John Baconthorpe 338
Richard Cross

55 John Buridan 340
Gyula Klima

56 John Capreolus 349
Kevin White

57 John Dumbleton 351
Edith Dudley Sylla

58 John Duns Scotus 353
Stephen D. Dumont

59 John Gerson 370
James B. South

60 John of Jandun 372
James B. South

61 John of Mirecourt 377
Mauricio Beuchot

62 John of Paris 382
Russell L. Friedman

63 John Pecham 384
Girard J. Etzkorn

64 John Philoponus 388
James B. South

65 John of Reading 390
Kimberly Georgedes

66 John of Salisbury 392
C. H. Kneepkens

67 John Scotus Eriugena 397
Carlos Steel and D. W. Hadley

68 John Wyclif 407
John D. Kronen

69 Landulph Caracciolo 409
Christopher Schabel

70 Marsilius of Inghen 411
Maarten J. F. M. Hoenen

71 Marsilius of Padua 413
Francisco Bertelloni

72 Martin of Dacia 421
José Luis Rivera

73 Matthew of Aquasparta 423
R. E. Houser

74 Maximus Confessor 432
Eric D. Perl

75 Meister Eckhart 434
Jan A. Aertsen

76 Michael of Massa 443
Christopher Schabel

77 Moses Maimonides 445
Alfred L. Ivry

78 Nicholas of Autrecourt 458
Mauricio Beuchot

79 Nicholas of Cusa 466
Louis Dupré and Nancy Hudson

80 Nicole Oresme 475
Edward Grant

81 Paul of Pergula 481
Stephen E. Lahey

82 Paul of Venice 483
Alan Perreiah

83 Peter Abelard 485
John Marenbon

84 Peter Auriol 494
Lauge Olaf Nielsen

85 Peter of Auvergne 504
Robert Andrews

86 Peter of Candia 506
Christopher Schabel

87 Peter Ceffons 508
Christopher Schabel

88 Peter Damian 510
Jonathan J. Sanford

89 Peter Helias 512
C. H. Kneepkens

90 Peter Lombard 514
Philipp W. Rosemann

91 Peter Olivi 516
François-Xavier Putallaz

92 Peter de Rivo 524
Christopher Schabel

93 Peter of Spain 526
Gyula Klima

94 Peter the Venerable 532
Jonathan J. Sanford

95 Philip the Chancellor 534
R. E. Houser

96 Pierre d’Ailly 536
Richard A. Lee, Jr.

97 Pierre de Maricourt 538
José Luis Rivera

98 Pseudo-Dionysius 540
Eric D. Perl

99 Radulphus Brito 550
Gordon A. Wilson

100 Ralph Strode 552
Kimberly Georgedes

101 Ramon Lull 553
Charles H. Lohr

102 Richard Brinkley 559
Kimberly Georgedes

103 Richard of Campsall 561
Kimberly Georgedes

104 Richard Fishacre 563
R. James Long

105 Richard Fitzralph 569
Kimberly Georgedes

106 Richard Kilvington 571
Edith Dudley Sylla

107 Richard of Middleton 573
Richard Cross

108 Richard Rufus of Cornwall 579
Rega Wood

109 Richard of St. Victor 588
Kent Emery, Jr.

110 Richard Swineshead 595
Edith Dudley Sylla

111 Robert Grosseteste 597
Neil Lewis

112 Robert of Halifax 607
Kimberly Georgedes

113 Robert Holcot 609
Kimberly Georgedes

114 Robert Kilwardby 611
A. Broadie

115 Roger Bacon 616
Jeremiah Hackett

116 Roger Marston 626
Gordon A. Wilson

117 Saadiah 630
Sarah Pessin

118 Siger of Brabant 632
B. Carlos Bazán

119 Simon of Faversham 641
John Longeway

120 Thomas Aquinas 643
Brian Davies

121 Thomas Bradwardine 660
Stephen E. Lahey

122 Thomas of Erfurt 662
Mauricio Beuchot

123 Thomas of Sutton 664
Gyula Klima

124 Thomas Wilton 666
Cecilia Trifogli

125 Ulrich of Strassburg 668
Kent Emery, Jr.

126 Vital du Four 670
A. G. Traver

127 Walter Burley 672
M. C. Sommers

128 Walter Chatton 674
Girard J. Etzkorn

129 William of Alnwick 676
Stephen D. Dumont

130 William Arnaud 678
Stephen E. Lahey

131 William of Auvergne 680
Roland J. Teske

132 William of Auxerre 688
Jack Zupko

133 William of Champeaux 690
John Marenbon

134 William Crathorn 692
Robert Pasnau

135 William Heytesbury 694
John Longeway

136 William of Ockham 696
Timothy B. Noone

137 William of Sherwood 713
John Longeway

138 William of Ware 718
Richard Cross

Select Topical Bibliography 720

Index of Names 725

Index of Subjects 731

About the Author

Jorge J. E. Gracia is Samuel P. Capen Chair and Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo. He is author of several books, including Hispanic/Latino Identity (Blackwell, 2000) and How Can We Know What God Means? (2001). He is the editor, with Gregory M. Reichberg and Bernard N. Schumacher, of The Classics of Western Philosophy (Blackwell, 2003).

Timothy B. Noone is Ordinary Professor of Philosophy at The Catholic University of America. His books include Ioannes Duns Scoti, Quaestiones super librum Porphyrii, Quaestiones super Praedicamenta (1999).

Reviews

"Having these key figures present in one volume is sorely needed in the field, and this book provides...a one-volume reference work to fill the gap. As part of the Blackwell Companions to Philosophy series, I highly recommend this work." Reference Reviews
"A very useful tool indeed both for specialists and amateurs! It brings together a remarkable bunch among the best scholars in the field from all over the world. The information is rich, precise, and up-to-date; yet the arrangement of the material is simple and handy." Claude Panaccio, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières

"An unparalleled source of information on the lives and thought of no fewer than 138 medieval Christian, Islamic, and Jewish philosophers. There are substantial essays here on the well-known heavyweights, such as Augustine, Averroes, Aquinas, Maimonides, and Ockham, but also useful accounts of the somewhat less well known, and the essential minimum on the various shadowy figures of the period, such as Berthold of Moosburg and William of Ware. This book is a ‘must-have’ for any serious student of medieval philosophy or theology." Gareth B. Matthews, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

"This volume is a welcome addition to the currently available reference works on medieval philosophy. Its well-written historical articles and its concise and helpful entries on almost 140 medieval philosophers makes this book an indispensable scholarly tool for specialists and non-specialists alike." Eleonore Stump, St. Louis University
"This is an impressive collection of work on a perennially underappreciated period of philosophical thought, and I will certainly be recommending it both to my students and to colleagues as a valuable resource in gaining familiarity with medieval thought, within and without the Latin West." - Christina Van Dyke, Calvin College