Table of Contents

List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 PART I: Nascent Policing Chapter 1: IMMIGRATION "A New Species of Undesirable Immigrant": Perverse Aliens and the Limits of the Law, 1900-1924 19 Chapter 2: MILITARY "We Are Merely Concerned with the Fact of Sodomy": Managing Sexual Stigma in the World War I-Era Military, 1917-1933 55 Chapter 3: WELFARE "Most Fags Are Floaters": The Problem of "Unattached Persons" during the Early New Deal, 1933-1935 91 PART II: Explicit Regulation Chapter 4: WELFARE "With the Ugly Word Written across It": Homo-Hetero Binarism, Federal Welfare Policy, and the 1944 GI Bill 137 Chapter 5: MILITARY "Finding a Home in the Army": Women's Integration, Homosexual Tendencies, and the Cold War Military, 1947-1959 174 Chapter 6: IMMIGRATION "Who Is a Homosexual?": The Consolidation of Sexual Identities in Mid-twentieth-century Immigration Law, 1952-1983 214 Conclusion 255 Index 265

About the Author

Margot Canaday is assistant professor of history at Princeton University.

Reviews

Winner of the 2012 Biennial Book Award, Order of the Coif Winner of the 2011 John Boswell Prize, Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History Winner of the 2010 Ellis W. Hawley Prize, Organization of American Historians Winner of the 2010 Lambda Literary Award, LGBT Studies by the Lambda Literary Foundation Co-Winner of the 2010 Gladys M. Kammerer Award, American Political Science Association Winner of the 2010 Lora Romero First Book Publication Prize, American Studies Association Winner of the 2010 Cromwell Book Prize, American Society for Legal History "It is not really news that inhabitants of the United States are governed by what historian Margot Canaday calls, in the title of her excellent book, a 'straight state.' For some time now, scholars of sexuality (following in the footsteps of those who have studied and challenged the race and gender hierarchies embedded in state policies and actions) have professed the analytical goal of what historian Lisa Duggan, writing in 1994, called 'queering the state.' These scholars have argued that the supposed naturalness of the heterosexual couple, and the unnaturalness of alternatives, is presumed and reinforced in the ordinary workings of government. Canaday's substantial contribution is to trace, in gripping and at times horrifying detail, exactly how the United States came to operate in this fashion over the course of much of the twentieth century. The Straight State provides a compelling history of the designation of 'the homosexual as the anticitizen.' ... The Straight State is a captivating, engagingly written work of social, political, legal and sexual history, and the fruit of an extraordinary attention to archival documents."--Steven Epstein, Nation "[Canaday] succeeds in ... contributing brilliantly both to understandings of the relationship between state practices and the construction of identity and to the story of the rise of the modern bureaucratic state as a sexual state... [This] book ... presents a fascinating reframing of a familiar story and opens substantial new space for related research."--Julie Novkov, Perspectives on Politics "[The Straight State] is a pathbreaking, riveting historical study... [Canaday's] brilliant book is revelatory."--David A. J. Richards, Law and History Review "Princeton Professor Margot Canaday has presented us with a superb and groundbreaking analysis of the role of federal institutions in shaping the LGBT identity over the course of the 20th Century... Professor Canaday's work satisfies in a way all too rarely encountered in contemporary historical writing. The Straight State opens our eyes to the role of evolving federal policies in immigration, welfare, and the military in defining homosexuality and the gay persona... The Straight State is indispensable to the student of modern queer history."--Toby Grace, Out in Jersey "Canaday contends that the emergence of state bureaucracy in the 20th-century US may be tracked through its developing definition and regulation of homosexuality... While some scholars may debate the author's particular inferences from her evidence, this volume opens new ground in gender research."--Choice "The Straight State makes three outstanding contributions: it delineates the state as a whole fresh category in the formation of gay identities; elite reform becomes more important than bottom up revolution; while she moves gay history, convincingly, right into the mainstream of historical inquiry. Canaday has, therefore, produced an extremely important book."--Kevin White, Journal of Social History "Canaday offer[s] a much more complete record than has previously appeared in print of the law of gay-straight discrimination and its meaning in people's lives."--Felicia Kornbluh, Law & Social Inquiry "[An] absorbing account of federal policies, [this study] makes an important intervention by showing why historians of sexuality need to pay more attention to questions of citizenship and the practices of the administrative state."--George Chauncey, American Historical Review "[This] book contributes to an ongoing body of lesbian, gay, bi, and transgender theoretical, historical, and social research in fascinating new ways, revealing the extent to which normative critiques continue to inform queer theory and structure queer lives."--Jaime Cantrell, Feminist Formations