Table of Contents

Contributors vii Foreword: Darwin s Perspective Randal Keynes xi Foreword: The Galapagos as a Natural Laboratory Peter Grant xiii Acknowledgments xv 1. Introduction Eric Mittelstaedt, Noemi d Ozouville, Karen S. Harpp, and David W. Graham 1 2. Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai i and the Galapagos Michael P. Poland 5 3. Galapagos and Easter: A Tale of Two Hotspots Karen S. Harpp, Paul S. Hall, and Matthew G. Jackson 27 4. Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano: A New Chronology at the Galapagos Hotspot Center Mark D. Kurz, Scott K. Rowland, Joshua Curtice, Alberto E. Saal, and Terry Naumann 41 5. Galapagos Magma Chambers Dennis J. Geist, George Bergantz, and William W. Chadwick, Jr 55 6. The Geology and Geochemistry of Isla Floreana, Galapagos: A Different Type of Late-Stage Ocean Island Volcanism Karen S. Harpp, Dennis J. Geist, Alison M. Koleszar, Branden Christensen, John Lyons, Melissa Sabga, and Nathan Rollins 71 7. Plate Tectonics, Evolution, and the Survival of Species: A Modern Day Hotspot Godfrey Merlen 119 8. A Paleogeographic Model of the Galapagos Islands and Biogeographical and Evolutionary Implications Dennis J. Geist, Howard Snell, Heidi Snell, Charlotte Goddard, and Mark D. Kurz 145 9. Hydrogeology of the Galapagos Archipelago: An Integrated and Comparative Approach Between Islands Sophie Violette, Noemi d Ozouville, Alexandre Pryet, Benoit Deffontaines, Jerome Fortin, and Mathilde Adelinet 167 10. Controls on the Hydrological and Topographic Evolution of Shield Volcanoes and Volcanic Ocean Islands Anne J. Jefferson, Ken L. Ferrier, J. Taylor Perron, and Ricardo Ramalho 185 11. Climate and the Global Reach of the Galapagos Archipelago: State of the Knowledge Kristopher B. Karnauskas, Raghu Murtugudde, and W. Brechner Owens 215 12. Assessment of the Chile 2010 and Japan 2011 Tsunami Events in the Galapagos Islands Willington Renteria and Patrick Lynett 233 13. Patterns in Galapagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume-Ridge Interaction Garrett Ito and Todd Bianco 245 14. Variations in Crustal Thickness, Plate Rigidity, and Volcanic Processes Throughout the Northern Galapagos Volcanic Province Eric Mittelstaedt, Adam S. Soule, Karen S. Harpp, and Daniel Fornari 263 15. Plume-Ridge Interaction in the Galapagos: Perspectives from Wolf, Darwin, and Genovesa Islands Karen S. Harpp, Karl R. Wirth, Rachel Teasdale, Susanna Blair, Leslie Reed, Jay Barr, Janna Pistiner, and Daniel Korich 285 16. A Preliminary Survey of the Northeast Seamounts, Galapagos Platform Christopher W. Sinton, Karen S. Harpp, and David M. Christie 335 17. Effect of Variations in Magma Supply on the Crustal Structure of Mid-Ocean Ridges: Insights from the Western Galapagos Spreading Center Juan Pablo Canales, Robert A. Dunn, Garrett Ito, Robert S. Detrick, and Valenti Sallares 363 18. Helium Isotope Variations and Mantle Plume-Spreading Ridge Interactions Along the Galapagos Spreading Center David W. Graham, Barry B. Hanan, John E. Lupton, Kaj Hoernle, Reinhard Werner, David M. Christie, and John M. Sinton 393 Index 415

About the Author

Karen Harpp is a geochemist and volcanologist in the Geology Department at Colgate University, in upstate New York, USA. She and her students have been exploring the Galápagos for many years, studying the origins of the volcanic islands across the archipelago using land- and sea-based research methods.

Eric Mittelstaedt is a geodynamicist and geophysicist in the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Idaho. Using geophysical data, and numerical and analogue experiments, he studies the interactions between mantle dynamics, and surface tectonics and volcanism in the Earth’s ocean basins.

David Graham is an isotope geochemist in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University. He specializes in using noble gas measurements of volcanic rocks from the oceans and continents to investigate geodynamics of the Earth's mantle.

Noémi d'Ozouville is a post-doc at the University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, France. She lives in the Galápagos Islands where her research activities include the hydrology and hydrogeology of volcanic ocean islands through a combined approach of remote sensing, geophysical data and hydro-climatological monitoring, data collection, and analysis. She continues to play an important role in conservation and water management in the islands. She now works at the Charles Darwin Research Station as Science Administrator.