Preface viii
List of abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1
2 Orthography and phonology 10
3 The vowels in Germanic 52
I Primitive Germanic (§§1–4) 52
II Vowel harmony (§§5–12) 53
III Loss of nasals and compensatory lengthening (§§13–15) 55
IV Diphthongization (§§16–19) 56
V Influence of */z/ (§§20–1) 59
VI Long vowels (§§22–6) 59
VII Unstressed vowels (§§27–33) 62
VIII Raising of back vowels (§34) 64
4 The consonants in Germanic 66
I Primitive Germanic (§§1–3) 66
II Verner’s Law (§§4–5) 67
III Germanic approximants (§§6–9) 68
IV Consonant loss (§10) 70
V West Germanic gemination (§§11–14) 71
VI Miscellanea (§§15–19) 72
5 Old English vowels 74
I First fronting and associated changes (§§3–15) 75
II Breaking (§§16–34) 82
III Restoration of A (§§35–40) 93
IV Lowering of second elements of diphthongs (§§41–6) 99
V Palatal diphthongization (§§47–73) 104
VI I-umlaut (§§74–86) 118
VII Second fronting (§§87–92) 135
VIII Anglian smoothing (§§93–102) 139
IX Back umlaut (§§103–12) 149
X Palatal umlaut (§§113–18) 163
XI Palatal monophthongization (§§119–23) 166
XII Compensatory lengthening (§§124–30) 169
XIII Hiatus (§§131–54) 172
XIV Merger of /io/ and /eo/ (§§155–62) 185
XV West Saxon developments of high front vowels and diphthongs (§§163–75) 190
XVI The influence of /w/ (§§176–87) 198
XVII The development of Kentish front vowels (§§188–96) 203
XVIII Changes in quantity (§§197–205) 206
XIX Monophthongization of diphthongs (§§206–14) 210
XX Merger of /æ/ and /w/ (§§215–16) 213
6 Unstressed vowels 214
I First fronting and associated changes (§§2–6) 214
II Breaking, palatal diphthongization, i-umlaut, and back umlaut (§§7–12) 217
III Syncope and apocope (§§13–25) 220
IV Shortening (§§26–33) 227
V Epenthesis and syllabification (§§34–45) 230
VI Mergers of unstressed vowels (§§46–62) 235
VII Unstressed medial vowels (§§63–71) 242
7 Old English consonants 246
I Dissimilation (§§4–14) 247
II Palatalization and assibilation (§§15–43) 252
III Development of fricatives (i): lenition (§§44–53) 270
IV Development of fricatives (ii): voicing and devoicing (§§54–68) 276
V Post-vocalic approximants (§§69–76) 283
VI Consonant clusters (§§77–97) 287
VII Loss of final nasals (§§98–100) 298
VIII Late Old English changes (§§101–3) 299
References 301
Word index 315
The late Richard M. Hogg was Professor of English Language at the University of Manchester. He was the General Editor of the Cambridge History of the English Language and author, with C. B. McCully, of Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook (1987), and editor, with David Denison, of A History of the English Language (2008).
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