Table of Contents

VOLUME 1 Preface Introduction Chronology Government and Politics Overview Essay Daidu Dual Government Government Structure Guyuk's Election (1246) Immigrant Religions in Mongol China Inju Karakorum Khubilai Becomes Khan (May 5, 1260) Mongol Empire, Dissolution of (1260) Nogai (d. 1299) Northern Yuan (1368–1634) Paiza Quriltai Sarai Shamanism Shangdu Sultaniyya Tabriz Temur Khan (r. 1294–1307) Titles Toghon Temur (r. 1333–1370) Toregene Khatun (r. 1241–1246) Uzbek Khan (1282–1341; r. 1313–1341) Women in the Court Yasa Organization and Administration Overview Essay Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263) Baiju (d. 1260) Blue Horde Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Il-Khanate Karachi Begs Keshik Khurasan Mahmud Yalavach (d. ca. 1262) Mawarannahr Moghulistan Muqali (1170–1223) Ordo Qasar Tamgha Tammachi Taxation Transfer of Authority Tribe Ulus Writing Systems Yam Yelu Chucai (1189–1243) Yuan Empire (1265–1368) Yuan Society Individuals Overview Essay Abaqa (r. 1265–1282) Abu Said (r. 1317–1335) Batu (1203–1255) Baybars I (1223–1277) Borte (ca. 1161–1230) Chabi Khatun (d. 1281) Chagatai Khan (d. 1242) Chinggis Khan (1164–1227) Choban (d. 1327) Doquz Khatun (d. 1265) Ghazan (1271–1304, r. 1295–1304) Guyuk (r. 1246–1248) Hoelun (d. ca. 1210) Hulegu (1217–1265) Ibn Battuta (1304–1369) Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah (r. 1221–1230) Jochi (d. 1225) Khubilai Khan (1215–1294) Mongke Khan (1209–1259, r. 1251–1259) Oghul Qaimish Khatun (d. 1251) Ogodei Khan (1186–1241) Oljeitu (r. 1304–1316) Orghina Khatun (d. 1261) Polo, Marco (ca. 1254–1324) Qaidu (1230–1301) Sorqoqtani-Beki (d. 1252) Timur-i Leng (1336–1405) Tolui Khan (1191–1232) Toqtamysh (d. 1406) Groups and Organizations Overview Essay Alans The Assassins (1090–1256 CE) Forest People Franciscans Italians Jews Jurchen Juyin Kereit Khitan Kipchaks Mamluks Merkit Naiman Nestorian Christians Oirat Onggirad Onggud Ortoq Sakya Buddhists Semuren Sufis Tangut Tatars Uyghurs Uzbeks White Lotus Buddhists Index VOLUME 2 Key Events Overview Essay Alan Goa and the Arrow Parable Baljuna Covenant (1203) Black Death (Mid-14th Century) Chinggis Exchange Chinggis Khan, Death of (1227) Crusades against the Mongols (1241, 1249) Europe, Invasion of (1240–1241) Hethum, King of Cilicia (r. 1226–1269), Submission of Japan, Invasion of (1274, 1280) Jin Empire, Fall of the (1234) John of Plano Carpini, Journey of (1180–1252) Kulikovo Pole, Battle of (1380) Mongol Conversion to Islam Otrar Massacre (1218) Peace of Qatwan (1267) Quriltai of 1206 Rabban Sawma, Mission of (1286–1288) Red Turban Revolt (1340s–1368) Shiremun's Coup (1250) Tarmashirin, Overthrow of (1334) Tatar Yoke Teb Tenggeri, Death of (1206) Toluid Revolution (1250) William of Rubruck, Journey of (1253–1255) Yesugei, Death of (ca. 1174/1175) Military Overview Essay Alginchi Ankara, Battle of (1402) Armor Ayn Jalut, Battle of (1260) Baghdad, Siege of (1258) Caizhou, Siege of (1233–1234) Cannon Chakirmaut, Battle of (1204) Cherik Chormaqan Noyan (ca. 1200–1240) Decimal Organization Gunpowder Irtysh River, Battle of the (1209) Java, Invasion of (1292–1293) Kaifeng, Siege of (1233) Kalka River, Battle of the (1223) Kose Dagh, Battle of (1243) Liegnitz, Battle of (1241) Mohi, Battle of (April 1241) Siege Warfare Subedei (1176–1248) Tactics Tamma Trebuchet Tsunami Strategy Weapons Objects and Artifacts Overview Essay Calendar Clothes Five Snouts Great Wall Horse Kumiss Medicine Money Onggon Pasta The Secret History of the Mongols Shengwu qinzheng lu Tenggeri Yinshan zhengyao (Proper and Essential Things for the Emperor's Food and Drink) (1330) Yurt Key Places Overview Essay Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) Antioch, Principality of Delhi Sultanate Jin Empire (1125–1234) Kara Khitai (1125–1218) Khwarazmian Empire (1097–1224) Kipchak Steppes Koryo (935–1392) Lithuania Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) Samarkand Song Empire (960–1279) Sultanate of Rum Trebizond Uyghuristan Xi Xia (1038–1227) Xiangyang, Siege of (1267–1273) Yunnan Zhongdu Primary Documents 1. Ibn al-Athir on the Mongol Invasion of the Islamic World (Early 13th Century) 2. Ibn al-Athir on Mongol Invasions of the Near East (Early 13th Century) 3. Robert of Clari's Description of the Kipchaks (ca. 1205) 4. The Chronicler Juzjani's Account of the Capture of Zhongdu (1214) 5. Account of the Otrar Massacre (1219) 6. Chinggis Khan's Invitation to the Daoist Monk K'iu Ch'ang Ch'un (May 15, 1219) 7. Description of the Boqta Headdress of Mongolian Women (ca. 1219) 8. Excerpt from Wu-ku-sun Chung Tuan's Account of His Embassy to Chinggis Khan in Central Asia (ca. 1220) 9. Chinggis Khan's Oration at the Sack of Bukhara (ca. 1220) 10. A Description of Mawarannahr by Yelu Chucai (ca. 1220) 11. Jalal al-Din Requests Help against the Mongols (ca. 1230) 12. John of Plano Carpini's Description of the Mongols (1240s) 13. John of Plano Carpini's Description of Mongol Armor (1240s) 14. John of Sarrasin's Letter to Nicholas of Arrode Describing a Mongol Ploy (June 23, 1249) 15. Description of Prince Alexander Nevsky from the Nikonian Chronicle (1250s) 16. William of Rubruck Enjoys Kumiss (1250s) 17. William of Rubruck's Description of Mongke's Drinking Fountain (1250s) 18. William of Rubruck's Account of the Distinctive Mongol Hairstyle (1250s) 19. William of Rubruck's Description of Yurts (1250s) 20. Matthew Paris on the Fear Provoked by the Approach of the Mongols (1250s) 21. Ch'ang Te's Description of the Assassins (1250s) 22. Letter of Mongke to King Louis IX of France (1250s) 23. Description of William of Rubruck's Audience with Mongke Khan (May 31, 1254) 24. Bar Hebraeus on the Fall of Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate (1258) 25. Marco Polo's Account of the Fall of Baghdad (1258) 26. Letter of Hulegu to King Louis IX of France (1262) 27. Marco Polo's Account of the Siege of Xiangyang (1273) 28. Rabban Sawma's Account of the Election of Yahba Allah III as Catholicus of the Eastern Church (1281) 29. Marco Polo's Account of Nayan's Rebellion against Khubilai Khan (1287) 30. Marco Polo on the Women of Khubilai Khan's Court (ca. 1298) 31. Marco Polo's Description of China's Countryside (1298) 32. Marco Polo on Khubilai Khan's Palace (1298) 33. Marco Polo on Paper Money in China (ca. 1300) 34. Marco Polo on Mongol Warriors in the 13th Century (ca. 1300) 35. Marco Polo's Description of the City of Daidu (ca. 1300) 36. Marco Polo's Description of Khubilai Khan Hunting (ca. 1300) 37. Marco Polo's Description of Chinese Ships (ca. 1300) 38. Marco Polo's Description of Mongol Shamanism (ca. 1300) 39. Marco Polo's Account of Khubilai Khan's Hunting Park at Shangdu (ca. 1300) 40. Marco Polo's Account of the Assassins (ca. 1300) 41. An Armenian Account of the Mongols' Divine Right to Rule (Early 14th Century) 42. Passage from Jami'u't-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) in Which Chinggis Khan Explains the Best Things in Life (Early 14th Century) 43. Letter from Ghazan, Ruler of the Il-Khanate, to Pope Boniface VIII (April 1302) 44. Rabban Sawma's Account of the Meeting of Oljeitu and Mar Yahba Allah (1304) 45. Marco Polo on Mongol Customs (ca. 1324) 46. Gilles Li Muisis's Account of the Black Death at the Siege of Kaffa (1347) 47. Account of Samarkand under Timur-i Leng (ca. 1403–1406) 48. Account of the Battle of the Ugra River from the Nikonian Chronicle (1480) Appendix: Rulers Glossary Bibliography Editor and Contributors Index

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Covering the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire, this essential reference presents the figures, places, and events that led this once-beleaguered region to rise up to become the largest contiguous empire in history.

About the Author

Timothy May, PhD, is professor of Eurasian history and associate dean of the college of arts and letters at the University of North Georgia.