Table of Contents

Preface vii Foreword xi 1 Consuls in history 1 Classical and medieval times 1 Beginnings of the modern consular service 6 The First Consul and the French consular service 7 Unification and the German consular service 9 British consular services 10 Consular service of the United States 15 2 Early consular representation in the North West 17 The port of Liverpool 17 Mercantile Manchester 20 3 Consuls in Manchester: the first sixty years 25 The 1840s 31 The 1850s 38 The 1860s and European interests 44 The 1870s and Latin America 53 4 Late Victorian and Edwardian Manchester: change and consolidation 60 Consuls united 60 Early members 67 Manchester today, London tomorrow 77 Manchester becomes a port 78 A new century and renewed optimism 84 The world represented in Manchester 88 5 Unsettled years: 1914-1945 100 6 The shadow of war 134 The Consular Association in the post-war years 147 7 Revival and renewal in post-war Manchester 151 Manchester as a regional capital 155 Contrasting fortunes of Manchester and Liverpool 157 The consular response: the role of international migration and the draw of Manchester 159 The role of international migration: controlling emigration to the former dominions 166 The European connection 171 Career consuls and the European Community 172 Honorary consuls and the lesser European states 187 Beyond Europe 197 8 The Manchester Consular Association at the end of the century 209 The Consular Association and the Consular Corps 209 Of banquets and balls, and receptions 215 Liverpool consuls and the Manchester Consular Association 219 Yorkshire consuls and the Manchester Consular Association 227 9 Consular appointments, duties and privileges 228 The career consuls 228 The honorary consuls 236 Consular privileges 244 10 Prospects 250 The closure of career consulates 250 The appointment of honorary consuls 255 Will consuls survive? 260 Into the third century of The Manchester Consular Association 266 Notes and references 267 Bibliography 271 Appendices: List of consuls and consulates by countries and date of appointment 271 List of officers of the Manchester Consular Association, 1882-2006 287 Index 289

About the Author

David John Fox has been Honorary Consul for Chile since 1976 and is a past president of the Manchester Consular Association. He has served the Association as honorary secretary since 1992. Born in London in 1931, he graduated from University College London with a First Class Honours degree in Geography before national service in the RAF. He spent a year in Northern Canada at McGill University Sub-Arctic Research Laboratory doing exploratory geomorphological research work; the family names he gave to lakes, rivers, etc. are now accepted as the official ones by the Canadian government. He took a MA at the University of California at Berkeley before returning to Britain. He was appointed lecturer and senior lecturer in the Department of Geography of the University of Manchester and was for many years Warden of Woolton Hall; he spent a year as a Visiting Professor at Southern Illinois University. He has contributed to conferences and books and written many academic research papers based on fieldwork in Mexico, Central America, Bolivia, and elsewhere. For 25 years he has written an annual report on mining in Bolivia for the Mining Annual Review and for a dozen years, beginning in 1985, he wrote the Quarterly Analysis of Economic and Social Conditions in Bolivia published by The Economist Intelligence Unit. Since 1996 he has been treasurer of Quaker Bolivia Link - a UK/USA/Bolivia-based charity which funds about ten modest but sustainable development projects in highland Bolivia each year. He is general secretary of the International Congress of Americanists (founded in 1870) and past-president and long-time treasurer of the (UK) Society for Latin American Studies.