Table of Contents

Acronyms and abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Introduction

Chapter 1. Mobilizing the Nation: From War Propaganda to Peacetime Cultural Diplomacy and Beyond
From the Emergence of Wartime Propaganda to the Changing Nature of International Relations
Hungarian Dreamland and Its Destruction, 1918–1920
Hungary, 1920–1927: From Turmoil to Consolidation
1927: Opening a New Phase
Stages of Traditional and Cultural Diplomacy, 1927–1941
Conclusion

Chapter 2. Defining the Nation
National Identity before the Nation-State?
Post-World War I Crisis of Culture
Hungarian Nemzetkarakterológia
Main Themes and Topoi
Conclusion

Chapter 3. Educating International Public Opinion: Cultural
Institutions and Scholarly Publications
Institutions
The Hungarian Reference Library
Academic Publishing and Lectures
Conclusion

Chapter 4. Showcasing the Nation: The Role of Tourism
The Hungarian Tourist Industry and the Image of Hungary before Trianon
“A Country without Mountains or Sea”: The Reorganization of the Hungarian Tourist Industry after World War I
Tourism Propaganda and the Constant Problem of Image
Competing Mental and Physical Landscapes of Hungary’s Tourist Image
1938: Hopes, Disappointments, and Change
Conclusion

Chapter 5. Becoming Audible and Visible: Radio Broadcasting and Cinematic Production in the Service of Cultural Diplomacy
Radio Broadcasting: Providing Voice for a Nation
Radio: Cultural Diplomacy’s Sharpest Weapon
Domestic Challenges: The Hungarianness of Hungarian Radio
Challenges to the Radio’s Foreign Policy: From “the Battle of Radio Armaments” to War
The Birth, Destruction, and Rebirth of the Hungarian Movie Industry, 1896–1929
Celluloid Résumés: The Role of Kulturfilme and Newsreels
Conclusion

Conclusion

Bibliography
Index

About the Author

Zsolt Nagy is assistant professor of history at the University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN.

Reviews

"Nagy’s book is a valuable first attempt to gauge the inspirations, resources, and processes behind the Hungarian decision—in the wake of a lost world war and a disastrous peace—to join competing Habsburg successor states and engage in 'cultural diplomacy' with ever more commitment. The book deserves ample praise for what its thematic chapters accomplish: a complex reading of new dimensions in a small nation’s external relations, constructed by an authoritarian regime mastering the challenges of modernity with some skill and considerable flexibility."
*American Historical Review*

"Nagy’s study is a thoughtful, well-researched contribution to the field and will be invaluable to any scholar interested in culture, foreign policy, or national identity in Eastern Europe after World War I. The analysis in Great Expectations and Interwar Realities highlights the complexities of forming strong national identities and cohesive foreign policy agendas in the face of political reality, particularly for small countries."
*Austrian History Yearbook*

"The prevailing view, that Hungary’s propaganda was obsessed with denouncing the 'Treaty of Trianon,' which had affirmed the dismantling of the country that took place at the end of the First World War, is too simplistic. Instead, Hungarian officials were convinced that their country’s international reputation needed to be completely transformed. The Treaty of Trianon, they concluded, was the unfortunate result of widespread ignorance and ingrained inaccuracies. As this book makes impressively clear, interwar Hungary’s efforts to remedy this problem relied on diverse and innovative strategies, from the opening of various cultural institutes in Europe and the United States and the targeting of influential figures who could be persuaded to promote Hungary to the wider world to the publication of glossy magazines promoting the country as a tourist destination and the dissemination of feature films and radio broadcasts."
*Journal of Modern History*

"As Nagy starkly demonstrates, there was a massive discrepancy between government expectations and political realities, since no amount of investment in culture, or its dissemination, could compensate for Hungary’s geopolitical weaknesses. Indeed, cultural production turned out to be a very ‘poor substitute for real power’. Yet the cultural capital built up in these turbulent years was significant, and ‘the infrastructure created for interwar cultural diplomacy remained essential during the communist era’ and beyond. Accordingly, the book concludes that in the long run the propaganda drive was not ‘for naught’, as it ‘helped to legitimize Hungary’s status as an independent state’ and to develop a ‘basic template of Hungarian identity," which, for better or worse, survives today’."
*Slavic and East European Journal*

"Trianon Hungary was militarily powerless, economically exhausted, and surrounded by hostile neighbors. The popular frustration expressed in the slogan 'nem, nem soha' (signifying 'no, no never' will we accept this dictate) was ignored or deplored by the Great Powers. The regime thus turned to the only option, cultural diplomacy. In a work of high scholarly quality, Zsolt Nagy relates the historical background, local and international context, and political execution of this approach. Nagy concludes that all cultural propaganda, however well-conceived and whatever its genuine services to national pride (there is little data that might allow the historian to propose a better-documented cost-benefit analysis), was vitiated by a 'bad' (revisionist) foreign policy resting on a 'mistaken interpretation of geopolitical realities'. The truth may be somewhat simpler, if no more reassuring. Small, defeated countries are particularly vulnerable pawns in the turbulent world of power politics, and chess games are seldom won by pawns."
*Slavic Review*

"This is a book that should appeal to both those historians who tend to dwell in the realm of signs and discourses as well as those who want to look into the machinery of state. There is something particularly engaging about the way Nagy lets us see the hypervigilant, even petty, one-upmanship of diplomats wrestling over the fickle consideration of distant audiences, laboring mightily to frame the woes of aggrieved nationalists as burdens to be shouldered by global humanity. Similarly, another strength comes in what Nagy is able to illuminate about the interactions among Hungarian government agencies and other institutions, not least because it allows him to cement his analysis of cultural discourse onto the more concrete matter of chancellery politics."
*East Central Europe*