Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1. Electronic Materials and Components
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Components of an Electronic Circuit
1.2.1 Active Components
1.2.2 Passive Components
1.3 Voltage and Current Dividers
1.4 Electrical Power Sources
1.4.1 Ideal Voltage Source
1.4.2 Practical Voltage Source
1.4.3 Ideal Current Source
1.4.4 Practical Current Source
1.4.5 Voltage Source vs. Current Source
1.5 Active Components
Summary
Review Questions
Fill in the Blanks
2. Semiconductor Physics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Atomic Structure and Energy Levels
2.3 Energy Bands
2.4 Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators
2.5 Fermi Level
2.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors
2.6.1 Crystal Structure of Semiconductor
2.6.2 Carrier (or Electron and Hole)
Concentrations in Intrinsic Semiconductors
2.6.3 Fermi Level in Intrinsic Semiconductors
2.6.4 Law of Mass Action
2.6.5 Electrical Conductivity
2.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors
2.7.1 N-type Semiconductors
2.7.2 P-type Semiconductors
2.8 Important Properties of Extrinsic Semiconductors
2.8.1 Donor and Acceptor States
2.8.2 Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductor
2.8.3 Thermal Ionization of Extrinsic Semiconductors
2.8.4 Charge Densities in Extrinsic Semiconductors
2.8.5 Effect of Temperature on Extrinsic Semiconductors
2.9 Semiconductor Devices
2.10 Advantages of Semiconductor Devices
2.11 Hall Effect
2.11.1 Hall Effect in Semiconductors
2.11.2 Hall Angle
2.11.3 Experimental Determination of Hall Coefficient
2.11.4 Uses of Hall Effect
2.11.5 Quantum Hall Effect
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
3. Semiconductor Diodes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 P-N Junction
3.2.1 Width of Depletion Region and Height of Potential Barrier
3.2.2 Unidirectional Property of a P-N Junction Diode
3.2.3 Junction Capacitance of a P-N Junction Diode
3.2.4 Effect of Temperature on Barrier Voltage
3.2.5 Mechanism of Current Flow in a P-N Junction
3.3 Biasing the P-N Junction
3.3.1 Forward- and Reverse-Biasing
3.3.2 Reverse Saturation Current (Is or I0)
3.3.3 Summary of Biasing Conditions
3.3.4 Reverse Breakdown Voltage
3.3.5 Rating Characteristics
3.4 Volt-Ampere Characteristic of P-N Junction
3.5 Diode Equation (V-I Equation)
3.5.1 For Forward-Biased Junction
3.5.2 For Reverse-Biased Junction
3.6 Static and Dynamic Resistance of a Diode
3.7 Space Charge (or Depletion Region
or Transition Region) Capacitance
3.7.1 Space Charge or Transition Capacitance
3.7.2 Diffusion or Storage Capacitance (CD)
3.8 Effect of Temperature on P-N Junction Diodes
3.9 Breakdown of a P-N Junction Diode (Junction Breakdown)
3.9.1 Silicon vs. Germanium Diode
3.10 Diode Circuit Analysis
3.10.1 P-N Diode Switching Times
3.10.2 Current Components in a P-N Diode
3.10.3 Quantitative Theory of P-N Junction Diode Currents
3.11 Types of Diodes
3.11.1 Power Diodes or Rectifier Diodes
3.11.2 Zener Diode
3.11.3 Point Contact Diodes
3.11.4 Constant Current Diode
3.11.5 Tunnel Diode
3.11.6 Photodiode
3.11.7 Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
3.11.8 Heterojunction High-Intensity LEDs
3.11.9 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
3.11.10 Varactor Diode
3.11.11 Schottky or Shockley Diode
3.11.12 Step Recovery Diodes or Charge Storage Diode or
Snapback Diode
3.11.13 Backward Diode
3.11.14 Thermistors and Barretters
3.11.15 Photoconductor
3.11.16 Gunn Effect and Gunn Diode
3.11.17 IMPATT, TRAPATT and QWITT Diodes
3.11.18 PIN Diodes
3.11.19 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
3.11.20 Two-Transistor Analogy of SCR
3.11.21 V-I Characteristics of SCR
3.12 SCR Switching
3.12.1 Applications of SCR
3.13 Working with Diode Circuits
3.14 Datasheet of Diode
3.15 Testing and Troubleshooting of Diodes
3.15.1 Testing of Diodes
3.15.2 Troubleshooting Diodes
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
4. Diode Circuits
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Ideal Diode
4.3 The Second Approximation
4.4 Load Line Analysis of a Diode Circuit
4.4.1 Load Line and Operating Point Q
4.4.2 AC Applied Voltage
4.5 Rectifier
4.5.1 Half Wave Rectifier
4.5.2 Full Wave Rectifier
4.5.3 Bridge Rectifier
4.6 Filters
4.6.1 Ripple Factor
4.6.2 Series Inductor Filter
4.6.3 L-Section Filter or Choke Input L–C Filter
4.6.4 ? Filter or Capacitor Input L–C Filter
4.7 Power Supply
4.7.1 Voltage Stabilization Using Zener Diode
4.7.2 Series Voltage Regulator Circuit
4.7.3 Shunt Voltage Regulator Circuit
4.7.4 Current Regulator
4.7.5 Power Supply
4.7.6 Diode Equivalent Circuit and Frequency Response
4.7.7 Diode Equivalent Circuit
4.7.8 Limitation of P–N Junction Diode?
4.8 Clipping and Clamping Circuits
4.8.1 Positive Clipper
4.8.2 Negative Clipper
4.8.3 Biased Clipping Circuit
4.8.4 Clamping Circuits
4.8.5 Voltage Multipliers
4.9 Dual Polarity Power Supply
4.10 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Problems
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
5. Transistors
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor
5.2 Transistor Function
5.3 Current Components in a p-n-p Transistor
5.4 Action of Transistor as Amplifier
5.4.1 Transistor Configuration
5.4.2 Common Base Characteristics
5.5 Dynamic Output Resistance (ro)
5.6 Current Amplification Factor (?dc)
5.6.1 Current Gain Characteristics
5.6.2 Common Emitter Characteristics
5.6.3 Current Gain Characteristics
5.6.4 Common Collector Characteristics
5.6.5 Current Relation
5.7 CB, CE and CC Configurations of Transistor and their
Equivalent Circuits
5.7.1 CB Configuration
5.7.2 CE Configuration
5.7.3 CC Configuration
5.8 Small Signal Model of Transistor using h Parameters
5.8.1 CB Configuration
5.8.2 CE Configuration
5.8.3 CC Configuration
5.9 Unipolar Junction Transistors
5.9.1 Field Effect Transistor (FET)
5.10 Characteristics of FET
5.10.1 Drain Characteristics
5.10.2 Transfer Characteristics
5.10.3 Effect of VDS on Characteristic Curve
5.10.4 Pinch Off Voltage
5.10.5 Effect of VGS on Characteristic Curve
5.11 MOSFET
5.11.1 Enhancement MOSFET (N-channel)
5.11.2 Construction and Operation
5.11.3 Depletion MOSFET
5.11.4 Construction and Operation
5.11.5 Ohmic Region
5.11.6 Drain Source ON Resistance
5.11.7 Biasing in the Ohmic Region
5.11.8 FET Handling Problems
5.11.9 Applications
5.11.10 Analogue, Digital and Switching Circuits
5.12 CMOS (Complimentary MOSFET)
5.12.1 Basic Action
5.13 Transistor Packaging
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Problems
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
6. Thermal Stability
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Factors Contributing to Thermal Stability
6.2.1 Operating Point
6.2.2 Stability Factor (S)
6.3 Biasing Circuits for Thermal Stabilization (CE Configuration)
6.3.1 Collector-to-Base Bias
6.3.2 Emitters Bias
6.3.3 Voltage Divider Bias with Emitter Bias
6.4 Biasing Transistor Switching Circuits
6.5 Summary of Stabilization Circuit
6.6 Transistor Dissipation
6.6.1 Thermal Resistance
6.6.2 Junction to Case Thermal Resistance
6.7 Heat-Sink Theory
6.8 Derating Curve
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statement True/False
Fill in the Blanks
7. Amplifiers (Small Signal Amplifiers)
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Small Signal Amplifier
7.2 Transistor Amplifier Performance (General Case)
7.2.1 Current Gain (Ai)
7.2.2 Voltage Gain (Av)
7.3 Transistor Amplifier Circuits in Different Configurations
7.3.1 CE Transistor Amplifier (Fixed Bias)
7.3.2 Common Base Amplifier (Fixed Bias)
7.3.3 Common Collector Amplifier (Emitter Follower)
7.4 T Model (Eber-Moll Model) or ? Model
7.4.1 ? Model
7.4.2 AC Resistance of Emitter Diode
7.5 FET Amplifier
7.5.1 Common Source FET Amplifier
7.5.2 Action of FET as Amplifier
7.5.3 Common Drain FET Amplifier (Source Follower)
7.5.4 Action of FET as Amplifier
7.5.5 Small Signal High Frequency Amplifier
7.5.6 Cascade Amplifier
7.5.7 RC-Coupled CE Amplifier
7.5.8 AC Analysis of CE Amplifier (Mid-frequency Range)
7.6 Bias Consideration
7.7 Transistor Action
7.7.1 Low Frequency Range
7.7.2 High Frequency Range
7.7.3 Limitations of Transistor Amplifier in High
Frequency Range
7.8 Curves of Response vs. Frequency
7.8.1 RC Amplifier (Current Gain)
7.9 Design of CE Amplifier
7.9.1 Selection of Ic, Rc and RE
7.9.2 Bias Resistors
7.9.3 Bypass Capacitor (CE)
7.9.4 Coupling Capacitor (CC)
7.9.5 Shunting Capacitor
7.10 Multistage Amplifier (Cascading Amplifier)
7.10.1 AC Analysis
7.11 Transformer Coupled Amplifier
7.12 Direct Coupling between Stages
7.12.1 Direct Coupled Circuit
7.13 Use of Complimentary Transistors
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statement True/False
Fill in the Blanks
8. Feedback Amplifiers
8.1 Concept of Feedback
8.1.1 Positive Feedback
8.1.2 Negative Feedback
8.2 General Theory of Feedback
8.2.1 Positive Feedback
8.2.2 Negative Feedback
8.2.3 Stabilization
8.2.4 Reduction in Non-Linear Distortion and Noise
8.3 Feedback Technique
8.3.1 Voltage Feedback
8.3.2 Current Feedback
8.4 Darlington Connection
8.5 Darlington Pair
8.5.1 Complimentary Darlington
8.5.2 Stability
8.6 The Nyquist Criterion
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
9. Negative Feedback Amplifier (Using Op-Amp)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source
9.3 Current-Controlled Voltage Source
9.4 Voltage-Controlled Current Source
9.5 Current-Controlled Current Source
9.6 Converters
9.6.1 VCVS Amplifier
9.6.2 ICVS Amplifier
9.6.3 VCIS Amplifier
9.6.4 ICIS Amplifier
9.7 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Sources
9.7.1 Voltage Gain
9.7.2 Non-Linear Distortion
9.8 Current-Controlled Voltage Source Amplifier
9.9 Input and Output Impedance
9.10 Inverting Amplifier
9.11 Voltage-Controlled Current Source Amplifier
(Voltage-Current Converter)
9.12 Current-Controlled Current Source Amplifier
9.13 Bandwidth
9.13.1 Bandwidth and Slew Rate Distortion
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Problems
Objective Questions
Fill in the Blanks
10. Operational Amplifiers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Differential Amplifier
10.2.1 AC Analysis of Differential Amplifier
10.2.2 Non-Inverting Input and Differential Output
10.2.3 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
10.2.4 Equivalent Circuit of an Ideal Op-Amp
10.2.5 Operations of an Op-Amp
10.3 Non-Inverting Op-Amp
10.3.1 Virtual Short
10.3.2 Voltage Gain
10.4 Applications
10.4.1 Unity Gain Buffer (Voltage Follower)
10.4.2 Adder (Summing Amplifier)
10.4.3 Summing Amplifier Using Both Inputs
10.4.4 Digital-to-Analogue Converter
10.5 Subtractor (Difference Amplifier)
10.6 Integrator
10.7 Differentiator
10.8 Current-to-Voltage Converter
10.9 Voltage-to-Current Converter
10.10 Single Supply Operation of Op-Amp
10.10.1 Inverting Amplifier
10.10.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier
10.11 The 741 Op-Amp
10.11.1 Input Differential Amplifier
10.11.2 Frequency Response of Op-Amp
10.12 Inverter/Non-Inverter Circuits
10.12.1 Switchable Inverter/Non-Inverter
10.12.2 Inverter with Adjustable Gain
10.12.3 Sign Changer
10.12.4 Phase Shifter (Variable Phase Changer)
10.13 Operational Amplifier Circuit Stability
10.13.1 Inverting Mode
10.13.2 Non-Inverting Mode
10.14 Frequency Compensation
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Problems
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
11. Power Amplifiers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of Power Amplifiers
11.2.1 Class A Operation
11.2.2 Class B Operation
11.2.3 Class C Operation
11.3 Conversion Efficiency of Class A Amplifier
11.4 Transformer-Coupled Amplifier
11.4.1 Characteristic of Class A Amplifier
11.5 Transformer–Coupled Amplifier Design
11.6 Conversion Efficiency of Class B Amplifier
11.7 Characteristics of Class B Amplifier
11.8 Conversion Efficiency of Class C Operation
11.9 Distortion due to Non-Linear Characteristics
11.9.1 Brief Analysis
11.10 Push-Pull Amplifier
11.10.1 Class A Push-Pull Amplifier
11.10.2 Class B Push-Pull Amplifier
11.11 Class AB
11.12 Efficiency of Class B Push-Pull Amplifier
11.12.1 Merits and Demerits of Class B Push-Pull Amplifier
11.13 Transformer-Less Push-Pull Amplifier
11.13.1 Complimentary Symmetry
11.14 Class B Push-Pull Emitter Follower
11.14.1 Circuit Analysis
11.14.2 Zener Follower
11.15 Tuned Amplifier (Class C Amplifier)
11.15.1 RF Amplifiers
11.16 Single Tuned Amplifier
11.18 Double Tuned Amplifier
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Problems
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
Appendix: MOSFET Power Amplifier
12. Oscillators
12.1 Introduction
12.2 LC Oscillator (Sinusoidal Oscillator)
12.3 Principle of Feedback Oscillator
12.4 Barkhausen Criterion
12.5 Oscillator Characteristics
12.5.1 General Form of Feedback Oscillator Circuit
12.5.2 Hartley Oscillator
12.5.3 Colpitt Oscillator
12.5.4 Clapp Oscillator
12.6 RC Coupled Oscillators
12.6.1 Phase Shift Oscillator
12.6.2 Wien-Bridge Oscillator
12.6.3 Principle of Working of Wien-Bridge Oscillator
12.6.4 Merits and Demerits of RC Oscillators
12.7 Crystal Oscillators
12.7.1 Principle
12.7.2 Preparation of the Crystal
12.7.3 Electrical Version of a Crystal
12.7.4 Crystal Stability
12.7.5 Crystal Oscillator Circuits
12.8 Pierce Oscillator
12.9 Multivibrators (Non-Sinusoidal Oscillators)
12.9.1 Astable or Free Running Multivibrator
12.9.2 Switching Times and Frequency of Oscillation of
Astable Multivibrator
12.10 UJT Relaxation Oscillator (Nonsinusoidal Oscillator)
Function
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Problems
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
13. Ionosphere and Communication
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Propagation of Radio Wave through Ionosphere
13.3 Refraction of Radio Wave in Ionosphere
13.4 Propagation of Radio Waves
13.5 Satellite Communication
13.5.1 Merits of Satellite Communication
13.5.2 Demerits of Satellite System
13.6 Digital Communication
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
14. Optical Fibres and Communication
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principle of Optical Guides
14.2.1 Snell’s Law
14.2.2 Acceptance Angle and Acceptance Cone
14.2.3 Numerical Aperture (NA)
14.3 Optical Fibre
14.3.1 Condition for Propagation
14.3.2 Modes in Optical Fibre Waveguides
14.4 Classification of Fibres
14.4.1 Stepped Index Multimode Fibre
14.4.2 Stepped Index Monomode (Single Mode) Fibre
14.4.3 Graded Index Multimode Optical Fibre
14.4.4 Mode Calculation in Step Index Fibres
14.4.5 Signal Degradation
14.4.6 Fibre Losses (Attenuation)
14.4.7 Units for Measuring Fibre Loss
14.4.8 Signal Distortions
14.4.9 Information Capacity
14.4.10 Pulse Spreading due to Dispersion
14.5 Collection of Light from Diffuse Source by Fibre
14.5.1 Cut off Wave Length
14.5.2 Advantages of Optical Fibres
14.5.3 Disadvantages of Optical Fibre Systems
14.6 Types of Rays
14.6.1 Skew Rays
14.7 Modes of Propagation in Optical Fibre
14.8 Dispersion and Dispersion Losses
14.8.1 Dispersion
14.8.2 Dispersion Losses
14.9 Losses in Optical Fibre Cable
14.10 Optical Fibre Communication System
14.11 Photodetector
14.11.1 Photodiode Mechanism
14.11.2 Quantum Efficiency (?) and Responsivity (R)
14.11.3 Long Wave Length Cut-off
14.11.4 PIN Photodiode
14.11.5 Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
14.12 Connectors
14.12.1 Basic Ferrule Connector
14.12.2 Expanded Beam Connector
14.13 Multiplexers
14.13.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
14.13.2 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
14.14 Couplers
14.14.1 Diffusion Couplers
14.14.2 Area Splitting Coupler
14.14.3 Beam Splitting Coupler
14.15 Optical Fibre Cable Construction
14.15.1 Cable Construction
14.16 Fibre Optic Sensor
14.16.1 Types of Optical Fibre Sensors
14.17 Applications of Optical Fibres
Illustrative Examples
Summary
Review Questions
Problems
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Fill in the Blanks
15. Communication Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Radio Communication
15.3 Radio Transmitter
15.3.1 Amplitude–Modulated Transmitter
15.4 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
15.4.1 Power in AM Wave
15.5 Methods for Amplitude Modulation
15.5.1 Principle
15.5.2 Collector Modulated Transistor Amplifier
15.5.3 Plate Modulated Class C Triode Amplifier
15.5.4 Single Side Band (SSB) Transmission
15.5.5 Balanced Modulator
15.6 Filter Method of SSB Generation
15.7 Systems Comparison
15.8 Frequency Modulation
15.9 Methods for Frequency Modulation
15.10 Diode FM Generation
15.10.1 FM Generation
15.10.2 FM Systems
15.11 Comparison of Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation
15.12 AM vs. FM with Respect to Interference
15.13 Demodulation (Detection)
15.13.1 AM Demodulator
15.13.2 Linear Envelope Demodulation
15.14 Input Impendence of Envelope Detector
15.14.1 Distortion in Envelope Detectors
15.15 Detection of FM Wave
15.15.1 Foster-Seeley Discriminator
15.16 Radio Receivers
15.16.1 Principle
15.17 AM Receiver (Super Heterodyne Receiver)
15.17.1 Principle
15.18 Image Frequency
15.19 Communication Receiver
15.20 FM Receivers
15.21 FM Receiver
15.21.1 Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis
15.22 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
15.22.1 Simple AGC
15.22.2 Delayed AGC
15.22.3 Audio AGC
15.23 Advanced Communication Systems
15.23.1 Satellite Communication
15.23.2 Satellite Communication System
15.23.3 Optical Communication
15.24 Mobile Communication
15.24.1 Limitations of Conventional Mobile System
15.24.2 Cellular Mobile System
15.24.3 Concept of a Cell
15.25 Personal Communication System (PCS)
15.26 Standards of Mobile and Personal Communication Systems
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Problems
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
Appendix: Pulse Modulation
16. Television and Radar
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Television System
16.2.1 Black and White TV Transmitter
16.2.2 TV Transmission Frequency Range
16.3 TV Camera
16.4 Scanning
16.5 Video Signal
16.5.1 Composite Video Signal
16.5.2 Standard Channel Bandwidth
16.6 TV Signal Transmission
16.7 Black and White TV Receiver
16.7.1 Common Video and Audio Stage
16.7.2 Audio Stage
16.7.3 Video Stage
16.7.4 Synchronizing and EHT Stage
16.7.5 Rectifier Stage
16.8 Colour Television
16.8.1 Colour Basics
16.8.2 Colour Transmission
16.8.3 Colour TV Receiver
16.8.4 Principle of Function of Picture Tube
16.9 SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)
16.9.1 Cable TV and Digital TV
16.10 Radar
16.10.1 Free Space Radar Range
16.10.2 Basic Pulsed Radar System
16.11 Plan Position Indicator (PPI)
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
17. Electronic Instruments
17.1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
17.2 Construction of General CRO
17.3 Electrostatic Focusing
17.4 Electrostatic Focusing System
17.5 Electrostatic Deflection
17.5.1 Deflection Sensitivity
17.5.2 Deflection Factor
17.6 Screen of the CRT
17.7 Basic Sweep Generator
17.8 Time Base Generator
17.9 Synchronization of the Sweep
17.10 Horizontal Amplifier
17.11 Frequency Determination
17.11.1 Computation of Phase Angles
17.11.2 Special Purpose Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
17.12 Electronic Multimeter
17.12.1 Analogue Volt-Ohm Meter
17.12.2 Voltage Measurement
17.12.3 Resistance Measurement
17.12.4 Digital Multimeter
17.12.5 Digital Voltmeter (DVM)
17.12.6 Ramp-Type DVM (Single-Slope Converters)
17.13 Dual Slope Converter
17.13.1 Decade Counter
17.13.2 Radio Frequency Generators
17.13.3 Function Generators
17.14 Computer
17.15 Essential Components of a Computer System
17.16 Computer Programming
17.17 Computer Languages
17.18 Microprocessor
17.18.1 Computer Data
17.19 Computer Applications
17.20 Microcomputer Hardware
17.21 Input Devices
17.22 Output Devices
17.23 Data Storage
17.24 Other Peripheral Devices
17.25 Organisation of Data
17.26 Microcomputer Software
17.27 Software and Hardware Compatibility
17.27.1 Coordinating Software and Hardware
17.28 Working of a Computer
17.29 Communication with Computers
17.29.1 Data Communications
17.29.2 Data Transmission
17.29.3 Communication Links
17.29.4 Local Area Network (LAN)
17.29.5 Wide Area Network (WAN)
17.29.6 Network Topology
17.30 Internet and Web Technology
17.30.1 Connecting to the Internet
17.30.2 Looking up Information
17.30.3 Electronic Mail (e-mail)
17.30.4 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
17.30.5 World Wide Web (WWW) Technology
17.30.6 Web Browser
17.30.7 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
17.30.8 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
17.30.9 Electronic Banking
17.30.10 Electronic Commerce (e-Commerce)
17.30.11 Networks and Security
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
18. Optoelectronic Devices
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Optical Spectrum
18.3 Principle of Light Generation
18.4 Photoelectric Effect
18.4.1 Photoemissive Effect
18.4.2 Photoconductive Effect
18.4.3 Photovoltaic Effect
18.5 Optoelectronic Devices
18.5.1 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
18.5.2 LED Construction and Working
18.5.3 Internal and External Quantum Efficiency of an LED
18.5.4 LED Indicator Circuits
18.5.5 Infrared-Emitting Diode
18.5.6 Multisegment LED Displays
18.5.7 LED Testing
18.5.8 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
18.5.9 Liquid Crystal Cell
18.5.10 Electrical Characteristics
18.5.11 Field Effect Reflecting Type LCD Cell
18.6 Laser
18.6.1 Principle of Laser Generation
18.6.2 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
18.6.3 Classes of Lasers
18.6.4 Semiconductor Lasers
18.6.5 Population Inversion
18.6.6 Types of Semiconductor Lasers
18.6.7 Quantum Well Lasers
18.6.8 Laser Diode
18.6.9 Basic Operation and Construction
18.6.10 Applications of Laser Diode
18.7 Photodiode
18.7.1 Basic Operation and Construction
18.8 P-I-N Photodiode
18.8.1 Response Time of Photodiodes
18.8.2 Avalanche Photodiode (AVD)
18.8.3 Schottky Photodiodes
18.8.4 Phototransistors
18.8.5 Vidicons and Plumbicons
18.9 Applications
18.9.1 Solar Cells
18.9.2 PN Junction Solar Cell
18.10 Optocouplers
18.10.1 Photomultipliers
18.10.2 Photoconductive Detectors
18.10.3 Characteristics of Particular Photoconductive Materials
18.11 Photoresistor
18.11.1 Basic Operation and Construction
18.11.2 Applications
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
19. Digital Electronics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Boolean Algebra
19.3 Logic Circuits
19.4 Number Systems
19.4.1 Decimal Number System
19.4.2 Binary Number System
19.4.3 Binary to Decimal Conversion
19.4.4 Decimal to Binary Conversion
19.5 Double Dabble Method
19.6 Octal Numbers
19.6.1 Octal to Decimal Conversion
19.6.2 Decimal to Octal Conversion (Octal Dabble Method)
19.6.3 Octal to Binary Conversion
19.6.4 Binary to Octal Conversion
19.7 Hexadecimal Numbers
19.7.1 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
19.7.2 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
19.7.3 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
19.7.4 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
19.8 ASCII
19.8.1 Parity Bit
19.8.2 Binary Addition
19.8.3 Subscripts
19.8.4 Larger Binary System
19.8.5 Binary Subtraction
19.9 Gates
19.9.1 AND Gate
19.9.2 AND Gate (Two Input)
19.9.3 D.T.L. Circuit
19.9.4 OR-Gate
19.9.5 NOT Gate (Inverter)
19.10 Mixed Gates
19.10.1 NOR Gate
19.10.2 Bubbled AND Gate
19.11 De Morgan’s First Theorem
19.11.1 Function of NOR Gate
19.12 NAND Gate
19.13 Bubbled OR Gate
19.14 De Morgan’s Second Theorem
19.14.1 Functions of NAND Gate
19.15 CMOS Inverter (NOT gate)
19.15.1 NAND Gate (using CMOS)
19.15.2 NOR Gate (using CMOS)
19.15.3 Exclusive OR or XOR Gate
19.16 Positive and Negative Logic
19.16.1 Positive and Negative Gates
19.16.2 Duality Theorem
19.17 Fundamental Products
19.17.1 Sum of Product Equation
19.17.2 Logic Circuit
19.17.3 Karnaugh Map
19.18 Four-Variable Maps
19.18.1 Karnaugh Map Simplification
19.18.2 Karnaugh Simplification
19.18.3 Overlapping Groups
19.18.4 Rolling the Map
19.18.5 Eliminating Redundant Groups
19.19 Arithmetic Building Blocks
19.19.1 Half Adder
19.19.2 Full Adder
19.19.3 Controller Inverter
19.19.4 Adder-Subtractor
19.20 Logic Circuits
19.20.1 Combination Circuits
19.20.2 Sequential Circuits
19.20.3 Sequential Logic Circuits
19.20.4 Register
19.20.5 Shift Register
19.20.6 Counters
Summary
Review Questions
Numerical
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
20. Microprocessors
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Microcomputer
20.3 Microprocessors vs Hard Wired Logic Devices
20.4 Principle of Working
20.4.1 Microprocessor and Computer Terminology
20.5 Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor
20.6 Timing the 8085 (Clock)
20.7 I/O Ports
20.7.1 Additional Features
20.7.2 Interrupts
20.8 The ET 3400 Trainer
20.9 Microprocessor Unit (MPU)
20.9.1 MPU Instruction
20.9.2 MPU and Clock
20.9.3 Address and Data Buses
20.9.4 RAM and ROM
20.9.5 Programming the Microprocessor
20.9.6 Introduction to Programming
20.9.7 Checking the Programme
20.9.8 A Sample Programme
20.10 Developing Microprocessor Hardware
20.11 Microprocessor Interfacing
20.11.1 Output Circuits
20.11.2 Input Circuits
20.12 Microcontroller Applications
20.13 Computer Aids to Circuit Design
Summary
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Objective Questions
Mark the Following Statements True/False
Fill in the Blanks
21. Integrated Circuits
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Processing of Semiconductor Materials
21.2.1 PN Junction Formation
21.2.2 Transistor Fabrication
21.3 Silicon Planar Technology
21.4 Integrated Circuits (ICs)
21.4.1 Monolithic Integrated Circuits
21.4.2 Thin Film Integrated Circuits
21.4.3 Thick Film Integrated Circuits
21.4.4 Hybrid or Multichip Integrated Circuits
21.4.5 Physical and Electrical Characteristics of IC
21.4.6 Construction
21.5 NE555 IC Timer
21.5.1 Introduction
21.5.2 Internal Circuitry and Operation
21.5.3 Other Integrated Circuits
21.5.4 Digital Integrated Circuits
21.6 Digital Signal Processing
21.6.1 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion
21.7 Phase Locked Loop: ICPLL
21.7.1 FM Detection
21.7.2 Frequency Synthesis
21.7.3 Tone Decoding
21.8 IC Operational Amplifiers
21.8.1 Transistor and IC Packing
Review Questions
Short Answer Questions
Fill in the Blanks
APPENDIX: Recent Advances in Electronics
Appendix I: Physical Constants
Appendix II: Resistor and Capacitor Values
Appendix III: Colour Codes for Electronic Components
Suggested Readings
Subject Index

About the Author

Professor Dr S.L. Kakani, M.Sc. (Phys.) Ph.D., Executive Director, Institute of Technology and Management, Bhilwara (Affiliated to RTU, Kota) is an internationally renowned physicist and has a distinguished career spanning more than four decades of teaching, research and administration. He has authored a large number of research papers in the fields of superconductivity, Nanomaterials, Condensed Matter, etc., published in peer reviewed Journals of international repute. His two books on superconductivity appeared from NOVA Science, New York and four books from Anshan Ltd., UK. He is author of several standard works. Prof. Kakani, served as chairman, BOS and Research Board, MDS University, Ajmer, India. He has received prestigious national and international awards and honours for his outstanding academic contributions and achievements. He is a life member of IAPT, Vigyan Parishad, and High-Tc Update.

K.C. Bhandari was former Associate Professor of Physics, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India. He has put in 33 years service while teaching the subject right from the undergraduate to postgraduate level. He has also associated with college and school level summers institutes/workshops arranged under the auspices of UGC. He is author and co-author of several books.