Table of Contents
I The Nature Of Risk.
Risk In Modern Society.
Changing Attitudes Toward Risk. Is Increased Concern Justified?.
Unique Risk Factors in Industrialized Society.
Computers And
Risk.
The Role of Computers in Accidents. Software Myths. Why Software
Engineering is hard. The Reality We Face.
Causes Of
Accidents.
The Concept of Causality. Flaws in the Safety Culture. Ineffective
Organizational Structure. Ineffective Technical Activities.
Human Error And Risk.
Do Humans Cause Most Accidents?. The Need for Humans in Automated
Systems. Human Error as Human-Task Mismatch. Conclusions.
The
Role Of Humans In Automated Systems.
Mental Models. The Human as Monitor. The Human as Backup. The Human
as Partner. Conclusions.
II Introduction To System Safety.
Foundations Of System Safety.
Safety Engineering Pre-World War II. Systems Theory. Systems
Engineering. Systems Analysis.
Fundamentals Of System
Safety.
Historical Development. Basic Concepts. Software System Safety.
Cost and Effectiveness of System Safety.
Other Approaches To
Safety.
Industrial Safety. Reliability Engineering. Application-Specific
Approaches to Safety.
III Definitions And Models.
Terminology.
Failure and Error. Accident and Incident. Hazard. Risk. Safety.
Safety and Security.
Accident And Human Error Models.
Accident Models. Human Task and Error Models. Summary.
IV Elements Of A Safeware Program.
Managing Safety.
The Role of General Management. Place in the Organizational
Structure. Documentation.
The System And Software Safety
Process.
The General Tasks. Conceptual Development. Design. Full-Scale
Development. Production and Deployment. Operation. >Examples.
Hazard Analysis.
The Hazard Analysis Process. Types of System Models. General Types
of Analysis. Limitations and Criticisms of Hazard Analysis.
Hazard Analysis Models And Techniques.
Checklists. Hazard Indices. Fault Tree Analysis. Management
Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) Analysis. Event Tree Analysis.
Cause-Consequence analysis (CCA). Hazards and Operability Analysis
(HAZOP). Interface Analyses. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
(FMEA). Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA).
Fault Hazard Analysis (FHA). State Machine Hazard Analysis (SMHA).
Task and Human Error Analysis Techniques. Evaluations of Hazard
Analysis Techniques.
Software Hazard And Requirements
Analysis.
Process Considerations. Requirements Specification Components.
Completeness in Requirements Specifications. Completeness Criteria
for Requirements Analysis. Constraint Analysis.
Designing For
Safety.
The Design Process. Design Techniques. Design Modification and
Maintenance.
Design Of The Human-Machine Interface.
General Process Considerations. Matching Tasks to Human
Characteristics. Reducing Safety-Critical Human Errors. Providing
Appropriate Information and Feedback. Training and Maintaining
Skills. Guidelines for Safe HMI Design.
Verification Of
Safety.
Dynamic Analysis. Static Analysis. Independent Verification and
Validation. Summary.
About the Author
Nancy G. Leveson is Boeing Professor of Computer Science
and Engineering at the University of Washington (and Adjunct
Professor at the University of British Columbia). Dr. Leveson
recently was awarded the Information System Award from the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, " . . .
for developing the field of software safety and for promoting
responsible software and system engineering practices where life
and liberty are at stake." She is the Editor-in-Chief of IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering and a meember of the Board
of Directors of the Computing Research Association, the National
Research Council Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,
and the ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy. She recently
chaired a National Academy of Science study for NASA of the Space
Shuttle software development process.
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