Table of Contents

BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The Science of Psychology CHAPTER 2 The Ways and Means of Psychology CHAPTER 3 Evolution, Heredity, and Behavior CHAPTER 4 Biology of Behavior CHAPTER 5 Learning and Behavior CHAPTER 6 Sensation CHAPTER 7 Perception CHAPTER 8 Memory CHAPTER 9 Consciousness CHAPTER 10 Language CHAPTER 11 Intelligence and Thinking CHAPTER 12 Life-Span Development CHAPTER 13 Motivation, Emotions, and Health CHAPTER 14 Personality CHAPTER 15 Social Psychology CHAPTER 16 The Nature and Causes of Psychological Disorders CHAPTER 17 The Treatment of Psychological Disorders FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. The Science of Psychology What Is Psychology? Why Behavior is Studied Fields of Psychology The Growth of Psychology as a Science Philosophical Roots of Psychology Biological Roots of Psychology FOCUS ON: How Scientific is Psychology, Really? Applications in Education and Therapy FOCUS ON: What Are the Roots of Psychology Within Chinese Culture? Major Trends in the Development of Psychology Structuralism Functionalism Freud's Psychodynamic Theory Psychology in Transition Behaviorism Humanistic Psychology Reaction Against Behavior: The Emphasis on Cognition Reaction Against Behavior: The Emphasis on Neurobiology 2. The Ways and Means of Psychology The Scientific Method in Psychology Types of Research Identifying the Problem: Getting an Idea for Research Designing an Experiment Performing an Experiment FOCUS ON: Response Bias in Different Cultures Performing a Correlational Study Reporting and Generalizing a Study FOCUS ON: Cross-Cultural Research Ethics Research with Human Participants Research with Animals Understanding Research Results Descriptive Statistics: What Are the Results? Inferential Statistics: Distinguishing Chance From Significance FOCUS ON: Alternative Methods 3. Evolution, Heredity, and Behavior The Development of Evolutionary Science The Voyage of the Beagle The Origin of Species Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity The Three Components of Evolution through Natural Selection Evolution of Humans Human Origins Heredity, Genetics, and Evolution Basic Principles of Genetics Genes Chromosomes and Meiosis FOCUS ON: Frontiers in Evolutionary Research Dominant and Recessive Traits Importance of Genetic Diversity Sex-Linked Traits Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations Genetic Disorders Evolution and Human Behavior Sociobiology Evolutionary Psychology 4. Biology of Behavior The Brain and Its Components Basic Structure of the Nervous System Cells of the Nervous System The Excitable Axon: The Action Potential Communication with Other Cells: Synapses Drugs and Behavior Effects of Drugs on Synaptic Transmission Neurotransmitters, their Actions, and Drugs that Affect Them Study of the Brain Experimental Ablation Visualizing the Structure of the Brain Measuring the Brain's Activity Stimulating the Brain's Activity Altering Genetics FOCUS ON: The Ever-Changing Brain: Neural Plasticity and Neurogenesis Control of Behavior and the Body's Physiological Functions Organization of the Cerebral Cortex Lateralization of Function Vision Audition Somatosensation and Spatial Perception Planning and Moving Episodic and Spatial Memory: Role of the Hippocampus Emotions: Role of the Amygdala Control of Internal Functions and Automatic Behavior 5. Learning and Behavior How Learning is Studied Pavlov's Procedure Thorndike's Procedure Comparison between Pavlov's and Thorndike's Procedures Conditions Required For Learning Temporal Contiguity Behavioral Discrepancy FOCUS ON: Insight-Can Basic Learning Procedures Help Understand Complex Behavior? The Process of Learning Acquisition Extinction Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination Choice between Multiple Operants FOCUS ON: Self-Control--How Does Conditioned Reinforcement Affect Self-Control? Punishment Biological Basis of Reinforcement Neural Systems of Reinforcement Cellular Mechanisms of Reinforcement Learning with Experience Perceptual Learning Instructional Control Observational Learning 6. Sensation Sensory Processing Transduction Sensory Coding Vision Light The Eye and Its Functions Transduction of Light by Photoreceptors Adaptation to Light and Dark Eye Movements Color Vision Audition Sound The Ear and Its Functions Detecting and Localizing Sounds in the Environment FOCUS ON: The Deaf Community The Chemical Senses Gustation Olfaction FOCUS ON: Sensory-Specific Satiety The Somatosenses The Skin Senses The Internal Senses The Vestibular Senses 7. Perception Brain Mechanisms of Visual Perception The Primary Visual Cortex The Visual Association Cortex Visual Perception of Objects Figure and Ground Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization Models of Pattern Perception FOCUS ON: Does the Brain Work Like a Computer? Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing: The Roles of Features and Context Perceptual ("What") and Action ("Where") Systems: A Possible Synthesis Visual Perception of Space and Motion Depth Perception FOCUS ON: How Does Culture Affect Visual Perception? Constancies of Visual Perception Motion Perception 8. Memory Overview of Memory Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Short-Term or Working Memory Encoding of Information in the Short-Term: Interaction with Long-Term Memory Primacy and Recency Effects The Limits of Working Memory Varieties of Working Memory Loss of Information from Short-Term Memory Learning and Encoding in Long-Term Memory The Consolidation Hypothesis The Levels-of-Processing Approach Improving Long-Term Memory through Mnemonics The Organization of Long-Term Memory Episodic and Semantic Memory Explicit and Implicit Memory The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory Remembering, Recollecting, and Forgetting How Long Does Memory Last? FOCUS ON: Cultural Contexts for Remembering Remembering and Recolleting Forgetting and Interference Reconstruction: Remembering as a Creative Process FOCUS ON: Some Sins of Memory 9. Consciousness Consciousness as a Language-Development Phenomenon The Adaptive Significance of Consciousness Consciousness and the Ability to Communicate Does Conscious Thought Control Behavior? Selective Attention Auditory Information Visual Information Brain Mechanisms of Selective Attention Consciousness and the Brain Isolation Aphasia: A Case of Global Unawareness Visual Agnosia: Lack of Awareness of Visual Perceptions The Split-Brain Syndrome FOCUS ON: Embodied Consciousness and the Out-of-Body Experience Hypnosis Hypnotic Induction and Suggestion Sleep The Stages of Sleep Functions of Sleep Dreaming Disorders of Sleep Brain Mechanisms of Sleep 10. Language Speech Comprehension and Production Speech Recognition Understanding the Meaning of Speech Brain Mechanisms of Speech Production and Comprehension Reading Scanning of Text Phonetic and Whole-Word Recognition: Evidence from Cognitive Neuroscience Language Acquisition by Children Language Acquisition Device Recognition of Speech Sounds by Infants The Prespeech Period and the First Words The Two-Word Stage How Adults Talk to Children Acquisition of Adult Rules of Grammar Acquisition of Meaning The Role of Memory in Understanding the Meanings of Written Words and Sentences FOCUS ON: Communication with Other Species 11. Intelligence and Thinking Intelligence: Is It Global or Componential? Spearman's g Theory Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences FOCUS ON: Cultural Definitions of Intelligence Intelligence Testing Intelligence Tests Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests The Use and Abuse of Intelligence Tests The Roles of Heredity and Environment The Meaning of Heritability Sources of Environmental and Genetic Effects during Development A Sample of Results of Heritability Studies FOCUS ON: The Issue of Race and Intelligence Thinking and Problem Solving Classification and Concept Formation Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Problem Solving 12. Life-Span Development Prenatal Development Stages of Prenatal Development Threats to Normal Prenatal Development Physical and Perceptual Development in Infancy and Childhood Motor Development Perceptual Development Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood The Importance of a Responsive Environment The Work of Jean Piaget Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development Applying Information-Processing Models to Cognitive Development FOCUS ON: Cognitive Development and Television Viewing Social Development in Infancy and Childhood Behaviors of the Infant That Foster Attachment The Nature and Quality of Attachment Approaches to Child Rearing Interactions with Peers Development of Gender Roles The Nature of Gender Differences Moral Development Piaget's Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Evaluation of Piaget's and Kohlberg's Theories of Moral Development Adolescence Physical Development Social Development Cognitive Development Adulthood and Old Age Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development 13. Motivation, Emotions, and Health What is Motivation? Reinforcement and Motivation Untoward Effects of Reinforcement: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation What Determines the Strength of Behavior? What Determines the Persistence of Behavior? Eating What Starts a Meal? What Stops a Meal? Obesity Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa FOCUS ON: Eating Disorders in Other Cultures Aggressive Behavior Ethological Studies of Aggression Hormones and Aggression Environmental Variables that Affect Human Aggression Sexual Behavior Effects of Sex Hormones on Behavior Sexual Orientation Emotion Emotions as Response Patterns Aggression, Moral Judgment, and Impulse Control The Expression and Recognition of Emotions The Social Nature of Emotional Expressions of Humans The Universality of Emotional Expressions of Humans Situations that Produce Emotions: The Role of Cognition Feelings of Emotions Stress and Health The Biological Basis of Stress Cognitive Appraisal and Stress Behaviors Related to Stress and Impaired Health Stress Reactions and CHD Psychoneuroimmunology Coping with Everyday Stress Coping Styles and Strategies 14. Personality Trait Theories of Personality Personality Types and Traits Identification of Personality Traits Psychobiological Approaches Heritability of Personality Traits Brain Mechanisms in Personality FOCUS ON: Gender Differences in Personality Social Cognitive Approaches Expectancies and Observational Learning Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy Personality Across Time FOCUS ON: Traits versus Situations as Predictors of Behavior Locus of Control Positive Psychology The Psychodynamic Approach The Development of Freud's Theory Structures of the Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego Defense Mechanisms Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Personality Development Further Development of Freud's Theory: The Neo-Freudians Some Observations on Psychodynamic Theory and Research The Humanistic Approach Maslow and Self-Actualization Rogers and Conditions of Worth Some Observations on the Humanistic Approach Assessment of Personality Objective Tests of Personality Projective Tests of Personality Evaluation of Projective Tests 15. Social Psychology Social Cognition Impression Formation The Self Attribution Attributional Biases Attribution, Heuristics, and Social Cognition Attitudes: Their Formation and Change Formation of Attitudes Attitude Change and Persuasion Cognitive Dissonance Self-Perception Stereotypes and Prejudice The Origins of Prejudice Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Hope for Change Social Influences and Group Behavior Conformity Social Facilitation Social Loafing Commitment and Compliance Obedience to Authority Group Decision Making Resisting Social Influences Interpersonal Attraction and Loving Interpersonal Attraction FOCUS ON: Arousal and Interpersonal Attraction Loving FOCUS ON: The Evolution of Love 16. The Nature and Causes of Psychological Disorders Classification and Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders What Is "Abnormal"? Perspectives on the Causes of Psychological Disorders The DSM-IV-TR Classification Scheme Some Problems with DSM-IV-TR Classification FOCUS ON: Clinical versus Actuarial Diagnosis Disorders Usually Diagnosed in Childhood Attention-Defifcit/Hyperactivity Disorder Autistic Disorder Substance-Related Disorders Description Possible Causes Schizophrenia Description Types of Schizophrenia Possible Causes Mood Disorders Description Possible Causes Anxiety and Dissociative Disorders Anxiety Disorders Dissociative Disorders FOCUS ON: Culture-Bound Syndromes Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder 17. The Treatment of Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders and Therapy Early Treatment of Psychological Disorders The Development of Treatment Insight Therapies Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies Contemporary Psychodynamic Theory Humanistic Therapy Evaluation of Insight Therapies Behavior Therapies and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning Maintaining Behavioral Change Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Evaluation of Behavior and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Group Therapies and Community Psychology Family Therapy and Couples Therapy Community Psychology Evaluation of Family and Couples Therapy and Community Psychology FOCUS ON: Cultural Belief Systems and Indigenous Healing Therapies Biological Therapies Drug Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy Psychosurgery Evaluation of Biological Treatments FOCUS ON: Assessing Therapeutic Efficacy The Relationship between Client and Therapist Ethical Issues Selecting a Therapist

About the Author

Neil R. Carlson, The University of Massachusetts Neil Carlson is Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. His research focused on the role of the limbic system in learning and species-typical behavior. He received his undergraduate degree and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois, Urbana. In addition to writing Psychology: The Science of Behavior, Dr. Carlson is also the author of two best-selling behavioral neuroscience textbooks-Physiology of Behavior (currently in its tenth edition) and Foundations of Physiological Psychology (currently in its seventh edition). His books have been translated into eight languages. Harold Miller, Brigham Young University Hal Miller has been a professor of psychology at BYU since 1985. He served as Dean of General and Honors Education from 1988 to 1993 and is Karl G. Maeser General Education Professor. Dr. Miller's research interests include behavioral economics, evolutionary psychology, and educational reform. He has been associate editor of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. Dr.Miller received his Bachelor of Science degree from Arizona State University, where he studied with Peter Killeen, and his Ph.D. from Harvard University, where his dissertation adviser was R. J. Herrnstein. C. Donald Heth, The University of Alberta Don Heth received his undergraduate degree at New College in Sarasota, Florida and his Ph.D. degree at Yale University. At the University of Alberta, Dr. Heth teaches introductory psychology courses and a fourth-year seminar to students in the honors program. He is an active researcher in the areas of human wayfinding and navigation, comparative spatial cognition, and models of eating disorders. Recently he has been involved with projects to describe lost person behavior and to develop computerized tools to manage this information in operational settings. John W. Donahoe, The University of Massachusetts John Donahoe is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Psychology and the Interdisciplinary Program in Behavioral Neuroscience at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Dr. Donahoe is an active researcher in the area of learning and cognition and a long-time teacher of the introductory psychology course. He is an author of Learning and Complex Behavior (www.lcb-online.org) and Neural-Network Models of Cognition: Biobehavioral Foundations. Dr. Donahoe received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology with a subspecialty in neurophysiology from the Thomas Hunt Morgan School of Biological Sciences at the University of Kentucky. G. Neil Martin, Middlesex University, UK Dr. G.Neil Martin is Reader in Psychology, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a Chartered Scientist, and Director of the Human Olfaction Laboratory at Middlesex University, London. Dr.Martin is the author of the first general European textbook on Human Neuropsychology (Pearson Education, 2008), now in its second edition. He also writes the best-selling European adaptation of Psychology with Neil Carlson, now about to go into its fourth edition. His research interests include the human senses of smell and taste, the psychology of humor, perceptions and misunderstanding of psychology, and the interactions between personality and learning style.