List of Figures xi
List of Tables xv
List of Algorithms xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Anatomy of Computer Games 3
1.2 Synthetic Players 5
1.2.1 Humanness 6
1.2.2 Stance 6
1.3 Multi-playing 7
1.4 Games and Storytelling 8
1.5 Other Game Design Considerations 9
1.6 Outline of the Book 10
1.6.1 Algorithms 11
1.6.2 Networking 11
1.7 Summary 11
Exercises 12
I Algorithms 15
2 Random Numbers 17
2.1 Linear Congruential Method 18
2.1.1 Choice of parameters 20
2.1.2 Testing the randomness 22
2.1.3 Using the generators 24
2.2 Discrete Finite Distributions 25
2.3 Random Shuffling 27
2.4 Creating GameWorlds 30
2.4.1 Starmap generation 30
2.4.2 Terrain generation 32
2.5 Summary 38
Exercises 41
3 Tournaments 47
3.1 Rank Adjustment Tournaments 50
3.2 Elimination Tournaments 53
3.3 Scoring Tournaments 60
3.4 Summary 65
Exercises 69
4 Game Trees 73
4.1 Minimax 74
4.1.1 Analysis 77
4.1.2 Partial minimax 78
4.2 Alpha-Beta Pruning 82
4.2.1 Analysis 84
4.2.2 Principal variation search 86
4.3 Games of Chance 86
4.4 Summary 89
Exercises 91
5 Path Finding 97
5.1 Discretization of the GameWorld 98
5.1.1 Grid 99
5.1.2 Navigation mesh 100
5.2 Finding theMinimum Path 102
5.2.1 Evaluation function 103
5.2.2 Properties 104
5.2.3 Algorithm A* 105
5.3 Realizing the Movement 108
5.4 Summary 109
Exercises 110
6 Decision-making 115
6.1 Background 115
6.1.1 Levels of decision-making 116
6.1.2 Modelled knowledge 117
6.1.3 Methods 119
6.2 Finite State Machines 122
6.2.1 Computational FSM 125
6.2.2 Mealy and Moore machines 129
6.2.3 Implementation 130
6.2.4 Discussion 132
6.3 Flocking .135
6.4 Influence Maps 139
6.5 Summary 142
Exercises 143
7 Modelling Uncertainty 149
7.1 Statistical Reasoning 149
7.1.1 Bayes’ theorem 149
7.1.2 Bayesian networks 151
7.1.3 Dempster–Shafer theory 152
7.2 Fuzzy Sets 155
7.2.1 Membership function 156
7.2.2 Fuzzy operations 157
7.3 Fuzzy Constraint Satisfaction Problem 159
7.3.1 Modelling the criteria as fuzzy sets 161
7.3.2 Weighting the criteria importances 163
7.3.3 Aggregating the criteria 163
7.3.4 Making a decision 164
7.4 Summary 166
Exercises 166
II Networking 169
8 Communication Layers 171
8.1 Physical Platform 173
8.1.1 Resource limitations 173
8.1.2 Transmission techniques and protocols 174
8.2 Logical Platform 175
8.2.1 Communication architecture 175
8.2.2 Data and control architecture 176
8.3 Networked Application 178
8.4 Summary 179
Exercises 180
9 Compensating Resource Limitations 183
9.1 Aspects of Compensation 184
9.1.1 Consistency and responsiveness 184
9.1.2 Scalability 187
9.2 Protocol Optimization 190
9.2.1 Message compression 190
9.2.2 Message aggregation 191
9.3 Dead Reckoning 191
9.3.1 Prediction 191
9.3.2 Convergence 193
9.4 Local Perception Filters 196
9.4.1 Linear temporal contour 199
9.4.2 Adding bullet time to the delays 202
9.5 Synchronized Simulation 205
9.6 Area-of-interest Filtering 205
9.7 Summary 209
Exercises 209
10 Cheating Prevention 213
10.1 Technical Exploitations 214
10.1.1 Packet tampering 214
10.1.2 Look-ahead cheating 215
10.1.3 Cracking and other attacks 220
10.2 Rule Violations 221
10.2.1 Collusion 221
10.2.2 Offending other players 223
10.3 Summary 224
Exercises 224
A Pseudo-code Conventions 229
A.1 Changing the Flow of Control 232
A.1.1 Expressions 233
A.1.2 Control structures 234
A.2 Data Structures 237
A.2.1 Values and entities 237
A.2.2 Data collections 237
A.3 Format of Algorithms 242
A.4 Conversion to Existing Programming Languages 244
Bibliography 247
Ludography 255
Index 257
Jouni Smed is currently a researcher and lecturer in Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland. His research concentrates on computer games, optimization, and scheduling algorithms. Harri Hakonen is a researcher and lecturer in the department of Information Technology, University of Turku. His research interests include algorithms for computer games, string algorithmics, and software construction.
"Indispensable for game theorist or game developers...highly recommended." (CHOICE, February 2007) "...I recommend this book for game developers, students, researchers, and specialists in game programming." (Computing Reviews.com, December 8, 2006)
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