Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

1. INTRODUCTION

Previous Research on Ancient Damascus

The Names of Damascus and the Kingdoms It Ruled

Archaeological Evidence from the Earliest Periods

2. THE LAND OF APUM IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE

The Area of Damascus during the Middle Bronze Age

Is the Area of Apum-Damascus Mentioned in the Mari Archives?

3. THE LAND OF UPI DURING THE LATE BRONZE AGE

The First Part of the Late Bronze Age

The Amarna Period

The Final Years of the Late Bronze Age

4. DAMASCUS AND THE MONARCHS OF UNITED ISRAEL

The Origins of the Aramaeans

The Aramaeans and Southern Syria

Damascus and David of Israel

Damascus during the Reign of Solomon

5. ARAM-DAMASCUS FROM REZON TO THE USURPATION OF HAZEL (ca-844/42 B.C.E.)

The Successors of Rezon

The Etymology of Hezion

Tab-Ramman

Bir-Hadad I

Ahab and the Kings of Damascus

The Assyrian Sources for the Reign of Hadad- idr

The Death of Hadad- idr and the Rise of Hazael

The Bir-Hadad Stela

Conclusion

6. ARAM-DAMASCUS FROM THE RISE OF HAZAEL TO THE FALL OF THE CITY IN 732 B.C.E.

The Reign of Hazael

The Reign of Bir-Hadad III, Son of Hazael

Aram during the Second Quarter of the Eighth Century

The Final Years of Independent Aram

Epilogue

Bibliography

Geographical Names Index

Personal Names Index

Biblical References Index