Table of Contents

An Introduction: The Ecological Context for the Emergence of the Eurasian SilkroadsThe SilkThree Interrelated Ecological Zones Inside the Urban-agricultural Zone Inside the Pastoral Zone Inside the Taiga Forest Zone Exchanges Among the Zones The Significance of HorsesChapter 1: The Origins of the Silk Roads: Silks and Horses on the Chinese FrontierSteppe vs. Sown on the Chinese Frontier The Xiongnu, The Yuezhi, and the Chinese The Yuezhi-Kushan in Tuhara (formerly Bactria) The Political, Cultural, and Symbolic Significance of Horses, Chariots, and SilkChapter 2: An Overseas Silk Road: Roman Empire Traders in India, the Yuezhi-Kushan Kingdom, and the Development of Mahayana Buddhism The Roman Empire Traders/h4> The Arabian Peninsula and the Early Trade in Aromatic Wood Resins Gan Ying and a Chinese Attempt to Find the Sea MarketsThe Cosmopolitan Kushan EmpireMahayana Buddhism and its Spread to China Chapter 3: The Desert Routes: (2nd C BCE to 5th C CE)The Hexi Corridor and the Great Wall Oases around the Takla Makan DesertBuddhist Establishments on the Desert RoutesDesert Routes on the Roman Frontier Hellenistic Cities under the SeleucidsThe Silk Trade in Eurasia’s Western Deserts Chapter 4: Zoroastriamism, Christianity, and Buddhism: Political Turmoil and a New Relationship between Empire and ReligionUpheavals Religions, Institutions, and Values Buddhist Networks Zoroastrian Networks Christian Networks The Byzantine Empire’s Government Silk Monopoly The Tang Empire and Government Restrictions on Some Varieties of Silk Chapter 5: Trade and Communication under the Muslim SystemThe Islamic Attitude toward TradeIslamic Currency and the Tiraz System The Significance of TextilesSericulture and Trade in the Islamic Domain The Spread of Paper-making and BooksScholarly PursuitsChapter 6: Oceans and Seas, 900-1300The Origins of the Route between China and Sri Lanka The Maritime Trade of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates The Fatimid Caliphate and the Ayyubid Dynasty in EgyptThe Mediterranean TradeThe Indian Subcontinent as the Center of Southern Ocean Trade and the Rise of ColaAn Age of Chinese Seafaring Chapter 7: The Mongol Conquests and a New Order of TradeThe Mongols and Trade Cross-cultural Communications and Trade Sponsored by Mongol RulersTent Culture and TextilesGrowth and Development of the Seafaring Trade