Table of Contents
(NOTE: Each chapter concludes with a Summary.)
Introduction.
I. ARGUMENTS.
1. The Quarrel.
Arguments, Fallacies, and Logic. The Quarrel. The Ad Baculum. The
Ad Hominem.
2. The Debate.
The Debate. Mill's Model of Debate. A Critique of Mill's Model. The
Ad Populum: Boosterism. The Ad Populum: Popularity. The Ad
Verecundiam. Appeals to Misery and other Emotive Fallacies.
3.
Dialectic.
Aristotle's Basic Rules of Dialectic. Eight Revised Rules of
Dialectic. The Ad Ignorantiam. The Fallacy of Complex Question.
II. LOGIC.
4. Elementary Logic.
Entailment. Conjunction, Disjunction, and Negation. Conditionals
and Biconditionals. Testing Arguments for Validity. The Truth-Table
Test for Validity. Fallacies of Relevance.
5. Formal and
Informal Logic.
Logical Form. Formal Logic. Begging the Question. Equivocation and
Amphiboly. The Paradox of the Liar.
6. Formal Deductive
Systems.
Formal Systems. System P. Working in System P. Evaluating System P.
7. Nonclassical Propositional Logics.
System RP. Evaluating System RP. Modal Logics. Epistemic and
Deontic Logics. Multi-valued Logics.
8. Term Logic.
Aristotle's Categorical Propositions. Immediate Inference. The
Syllogism.
9. Predicate Logic.
Motivating Predicate Logic. Extending System P. Working in System
PL. Extending System PL.
10. Inductive Logic and Scientific
Reasoning.
Induction: Narrow and Wide2. Inductive Logic. The Elements of
Probability Theory. Hasty Generalization and Related Fallacies. A
Causal Fallacy. Causal Reasoning.
III. APPLYING LOGIC TO ARGUMENTS.
11. Economic Reasoning.
The Fallacy of Composition and Division. Analytical Remarks about
Composition and Division. Expected Utility, Sure-thing, and Minimax
Principles. Group Decisions and the Prisoner's Dilemma.
12.
Legal Reasoning.
Burden of Proof versus Standard of Proof. Evidence, Testimony, and
Expert Opinion. Legal Precedent and Analogical Argument. Legal
Facts and Legal Justification.
13. Artificial
Intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence, Logic, and Computability. Expert Systems.
Plausibility Screening. Plausible Argument. Theories of Belief
Revision. Can Machines Think?
14. Issues in the Philosophy of
Logic.
Choosing the Right Logic. Paraconsistent Logics. The Enlightenment
Ideal.
Appendix.
Solutions to Selected Exercises.
Selected Readings.
Index.