Preface xvi
Chapter 1 The Gifts of Eden 1
Chapter 2 Transforming Plants into Gold 7
Prehistoric Evidence 8
Early Documentation 9
Western Culture 11
Alchemy 13
Chemistry 15
Chapter 3 Thinking Like a Pharmacologist 17
The Origins of Pharmacology 19
Pharmacodynamics 21
Pharmacokinetics 24
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies 27
Pharmacology and Herbal Supplements 27
Herbal Supplement Pharmacology Checklist 28
Chapter 4 The Brain as a Drug Target 33
The Human Brain 36
Chemical Neurotransmission 39
Neurotransmitter Systems 41
Behavioral Assays 45
Clinical Studies 49
Chapter 5 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) 53
Botany 55
Therapeutic Uses 55
Constituents 57
Pharmacokinetics 59
Pharmacodynamics 61
Adverse Effects 65
Pharmacological Perspective 66
Chapter 6 St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) 67
Botany 69
Therapeutic Uses 70
Constituents 71
Pharmacokinetics 74
Pharmacodynamics 75
Adverse Effects 80
Pharmacological Perspective 81
Chapter 7 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) 83
Botany 84
Therapeutic Uses 85
Constituents 86
Pharmacokinetics 88
Pharmacodynamics 90
Adverse Effects 93
Pharmacological Perspective 94
Chapter 8 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) 97
Botany 98
Therapeutic Uses 99
Constituents 99
Pharmacokinetics 100
Pharmacodynamics 102
Adverse Effects 106
Pharmacological Perspective 106
Chapter 9 Kava (Piper methysticum) 109
Botany 110
Therapeutic Uses 111
Constituents 112
Pharmacokinetics 112
Pharmacodynamics 114
Adverse Effects 118
Pharmacological Perspective 120
Chapter 10 Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) 123
Botany 124
Therapeutic Uses 125
Constituents 126
Pharmacokinetics 127
Pharmacodynamics 129
Adverse Effects 134
Pharmacological Perspective 135
Chapter 11 Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) 137
Botany 138
Therapeutic Uses 139
Constituents 140
Pharmacokinetics 141
Pharmacodynamics 143
Adverse Effects 146
Pharmacological Perspective 147
Chapter 12 Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) 149
Botany 151
Therapeutic Uses 152
Constituents 153
Pharmacokinetics 154
Pharmacodynamics 155
Adverse Effects 158
Pharmacological Perspective 159
Chapter 13 Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) 161
Botany 162
Therapeutic Uses 163
Constituents 164
Pharmacokinetics 166
Pharmacodynamics 168
Adverse Effects 173
Pharmacological Perspective 173
Chapter 14 Coffee, Tea, and Cocoa 175
Botany 177
Therapeutic Uses 178
Constituents 180
Pharmacokinetics 182
Pharmacodynamics 184
Adverse Effects 186
Pharmacological Perspective 187
Chapter 15 Epilogue 189
Endnotes 195
Index 237
S. J. Enna is a Professor at University of Kansas Medical Center’s Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics. He is acclaimed internationally for his research contributions in defining the pharmacological and biochemical properties of neurotransmitter receptors, especially those for GABA. Dr. Enna’s research is described in 200+ published research reports, reviews, and book chapters.
Stata Norton, Emeritus Professor at the University of Kansas Medical Center’s Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics has published extensively on the behavioral effects of drugs and toxic substances.
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