Part I: Physiology of brain fluids and blood-brain barrier
Chapter 1: Anatomy of Fluid Interfaces that Protect the
Microenvironment
1.1. Historical perspective
1.2 Cerebral microenvironment
1.3. Development of the brain-fluid interfaces
1.3.1. Neural tube, ependymal cells and stem cells
1.3.2. Cilated ependymal cells and CSF movement
1.3.3. Choroid plexuses, arachnoid and capillaries
1.4. Extracellular Space and Extracellular Matrix
1.5. Brain-Fluid Interfaces
1.5.1. Anatomy of the cerebral blood vessels
1.5.2. Brain cells interfaces with CSF at ependymal and pia
1.6. Dura, arachnoid and pial layers
1.7. What are sources of energy?
Chapter 2: Physiology of the Cerebrospinal and Interstitial
Fluids
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Proteins in the CSF
2.3. CSF Pressure Reflects Venous Pressure in the Right Heart
2.4. Formation, Circulation and Absorption of CSF
2.4.1. Formation of CSF by choroid plexuses
2.4.2. Choroid plexus and disease biomarkers in CSF
2.4.3. Absorption of CSF at the arachnoid villi
2.5. Electrolyte balance in the CSF
2.6. Meninges and sites of masses and infection
2.7. Interstitial fluid
2.8. Lyphatic drainage
2.9. Water diffusion, bulk flow if ISH and diffusion tensor
imaging
2.10. Neuropeptides and fluid homeostasis
2.11. Aquaporins and water transport in the CNS
Chapter 3: Neurovascular Unit
3.1. Early experiments on blood-brain barrier
3.2. The Neurovascular unit and tight junction proteins
3.3. Integrins, selectins and endothelial cell adhesion
3.4. Astrocytes, pericytes and basal lamina
3.5. Movement of substances into and out of brain
3.6. Glucose and amino acid transport
3.7. Proteases and the neurovascular unit
3.8. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
3.9. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)
3.10. Barrier systems evolved to an endothelial barrier
Part II: Metabolism, disorders of brain fluids, and mathematics of
transport
Chapter 4: Glucose, Amino acid and Lipid Metabolism
4.1. Glucose metabolism
4.2. Amino acid neurotransmitters
4.3. Lipid metabolism
4.4. Eicosanoid metabolism
4.5. Hepatic encephalopathy
4.6. Hypoglycemia
4.7. Hyponatremia, osmotic demyelination and acid balance
4.7.1. Hyponatremia
4.7.2. Hyperglycemia
4.7.3. Acidosis
Chapter 5: Disorders of Cerebrospinal Circulation: Idiopathic
Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) and Hydrocephalus
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Clinical Features of IIH
5.3. Treatment of IIH
5.4. Hydrocephalus
5.5. Hydrocephalus in children
5.6. Adult-onset hydrocephalus
5.6.1. Obstructive hydrocephalus
5.6.2. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
Chapter 6: Quantification of Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Brain
Barrier Transport by NMR and PET
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Mathematical approach to cerebral blood flow and transport
6.2.1. Cerebral blood flow: Schmidt-Kety approach
6.2.2. Regional blood flow
6.2.3. Transport between blood and brain
6.3 Positron emission tomography (PET)
6.3.1. Single-injection external registration
6.3.2. Patlak graphical BBB method for autoradiography and MRI
6.4 Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
6.4.1. Multinuclear NMR
6.4.2. Relaxation phenomenon and the rotating frame
6.4.3. 31P-MRS
6.4.4. 13C-MRS
6.4.5. 1H-MRS
Part III: Ischemia, edema and inflammation
Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Ischemic/Hypoxic Brain Injury
7.1. Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention of stroke
7.2. Molecular cascades in ischemic tissue results from energy
failure
7.3. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
7.4. Neuroinflammation in stroke
7.5. Proteases in hypoxia/ischemia
7.6. Caspases and cell death
7.7. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and
apoptosis
7.8. Tight junction proteins and MMPs
7.9. MMPs and tPA-induced bleeding
7.10. Animal models in stroke
7.11. Arteriovenous malformations and cavernous hemangiomas
7.12. MRI, PET and EPR in hypoxia-ischemia
7.12.1. MRI and MRS
7.12.2. Positron emission tomography (PET)
7.12.3. Electron paramagnetic resonance
Chapter 8: Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's
Disease
8.1. Regulation of cerebral blood flow
8.2. Hypoxia-ischemia in cardiac arrest
8.2.1 Prognosis for recovery after cardiac arrest
8.2.2 Cardiac surgery and memory loss
8.2.3 Delayed post anoxic leukoencephalopathy
8.3. Hypoxia inducible factors and gene expression
8.4. Intermittent hypoxia is a strong stimulus for HIF
8.5. Vascular cognitive impairment
8.6. White matter hyperintensities on MRI and Binswanger's
disease
8.7. Alzheimer's disease, vascular disease and the amyloid
hypothesis
Chapter 9: Effects of Altitude on the Brain
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Genetic tolerance to altitude
9.3. Acute mountain sickness and high altitude pulmonary edema
9.4. High altitude cerebral edema
9.5. Cognitive consequences of hypobaric hypoxia
9.6. Imaging of the brain at high altitude
9.7. Hypoxia-inducible factors and sleep disorders in AMS
9.8. Treatment of altitude illnesses
Chapter 10: Brain Edema
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Role of aquaporins in brain edema
10.3. Role of Neuroinflammation in the formation of vasogenic
edema
10.3.1. Oxidative stress and brain edema
10.3.2 . Arachidonic acid and brain edema
10.3.3. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietins
10.4. Clinical conditions associated with brain edema
10.5. Imaging brain edema
10.6 . Treatment of brain edema and hypoxic/ischemic injury
10.7. Multiple drugs for treatment of ischemia
Chapter 11: Intracerebral Hemorrhage
11.1. Introduction
11.2. History of ICH
11.3. Molecular mechanisms in ICH
11.4. Clinical aspects of intracranial bleeding
11.5. Pathophysiology of ICH: Evidence from animal studies
11.6 Extrapolation of experimental results to treatments for
ICH
Chapter 12: Autoimmunity, Hypoxia, and Inflammation in
Demyelinating Diseases
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Heterogeneity of the pathological findings in MS
12.3. Proteases implicated in MS pathology
12.4. BBB disruption in MS
12.5. Devic's neuromyelitis optica
12.6. Nonimmunological processes in demyelination
12.7. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and pathogenesis of
MS
12.8. Epilogue- synthesis and future directions
Gary A. Rosenberg, MD
Chairman of Neurology
Professor of Neurology, Neurosciences, Cell Biology and
Physiology,
and Mathematics and Statistics
University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center
Albuquerque, NM
"Molecular Physiology and Metabolism of the Nervous System is
logically presented to introduce the reader to the physiology and
anatomy of the cerebrospinal and interstitial fluids for
understanding the pathophysiology of brain edema and other current
topics such as hypoxic/ischemic brain damage and disorders of the
cerebrospinal circulation. In addition, there are chapters that
explore novel concepts of the neuro(glio)vascular unit and the
evolving
story of vascular cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease he
book is oriented completely to the human brain and is, thus,
especially appropriate for clinical education. The writing style is
compact, yet
flowing and provides more than a comprehensive entry level basic
approach, but also the second level content often missing from
similar style works in other areas." -- Joseph C. LaManna, PhD,
Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
"Dr. Gary Rosenberg has artfully crafted a monograph, Brain
Molecular Physiology and Metabolism, on how the brain and its blood
supply and cerebrospinal fluid circulation work at a cellular
level. The book is written by a research scientist who is also an
experienced clinician. The writing is aimed at clinicians helping
them to understand brain physiology. Brain images and
neuropathology specimens show snapshots of anatomy and pathology
that must be
supplemented by physiology and pathophysiology for diagnosis and
for grasping the nature of patient's symptoms and signs.
Rosenberg's book ably fills this gap which is so crucial to
understanding disease
mechanisms and their management. The writing is clear and easily
understood and relevant to clinicians." -- Louis R. Caplan,
MD,Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel
Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
"This book is an eclectic collection of the protean tastes of Dr.
Rosenberg. It includes materials that are old friends such as the
Krebs cycle, to the most current concepts of molecular physiology
and biochemistry. Up until now, most of the most modern topics have
not yet produced clinically useful discoveries. However, we can
anticipate that 20 years from now some of the work that is outlined
in chapters of this book will have similar effects on morbidity
and
mortality. In summary, this book is a useful collection of a
variety of topics which I personally find extremely interesting and
I hope that you will think that as well. Dr. Rosenberg and his
colleagues have put a good deal of thought into this book, and the
effort shows." -- Justin A Zivin, MD, PhD, Department of
Neurosciences, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA and
Department of Neurology, San Diego VA Healthcare System, San Diego,
CA
"Molecular Physiology and Metabolism of the Nervous System
describes most accurately the underlying pathophysiology of
numerous neurological disorders such as Idiopathic Intracranial
Hypertension, hydrocephalus, ischemic/hypoxic brain injury as well
as Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Combining
the complex knowledge in the field of molecular neurology with a
clear writing style and organization makes this book an outstanding
and
valuable tool not only for graduate and doctoral students,
research-oriented medical professionals and neuroscientists but
also for anyone interested in neurophysiology. This book is
well-referenced, includes
recent scientific findings and presents the most up-to-date
principles in this field. We highly recommend this exceptional work
by a world leading neuroscientist and clinical neurologist." --
Paul Reiner Krafft, MD and John H. Zhang MD, PhD, Loma Linda
University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
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