List of Figures xxiiiList of Tables xxviiForeword by Mark Davis xxxiPreface xxxiiiAcknowledgments xxxix Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Coverage 2
1.2 Design Goals 4
1.3 Text Handling 5
Chapter 2 General Structure 92.1 Architectural Context 9
2.2 Unicode Design Principles 13
2.3 Compatibility Characters 23
2.4 Code Points and Characters 25
2.5 Encoding Forms 28
2.6 Encoding Schemes 35
2.7 Unicode Strings 37
2.8 Unicode Allocation 38
2.9 Details of Allocation 41
2.10 Writing Direction 46
2.11 Combining Characters 48
2.12 Equivalent Sequences and Normalization 54
2.13 Special Characters and Noncharacters 57
2.14 Conforming to the Unicode Standard 59
Chapter 3 Conformance 653.1 Versions of the Unicode Standard 65
3.2 Conformance Requirements 70
3.3 Semantics 76
3.4 Characters and Encoding 78
3.5 Properties 81
3.6 Combination 91
3.7 Decomposition 95
3.8 Surrogates 97
3.9 Unicode Encoding Forms 98
3.10 Unicode Encoding Schemes 105
3.11 Canonical Ordering Behavior 109
3.12 Conjoining Jamo Behavior 117
3.13 Default Case Algorithms 123
Chapter 4 Character Properties 1294.1 Unicode Character Database 130
4.2 Case--Normative 132
4.3 Combining Classes--Normative 133
4.4 Directionality--Normative 138
4.5 General Category--Normative 138
4.6 Numeric Value--Normative 139
4.7 Bidi Mirrored--Normative 141
4.8 Name--Normative 142
4.9 Unicode 1.0 Names 144
4.10 Letters, Alphabetic, and Ideographic 144
4.11 Properties Related to Text Boundaries 145
4.12 Characters with Unusual Properties 145
Chapter 5 Implementation Guidelines 1515.1 Transcoding to Other Standards 151
5.2 Programming Languages and Data Types 153
5.3 Unknown and Missing Characters 155
5.4 Handling Surrogate Pairs in UTF-16 157
5.5 Handling Numbers 158
5.6 Normalization 160
5.7 Compression 161
5.8 Newline Guidelines 161
5.9 Regular Expressions 166
5.10 Language Information in Plain Text 166
5.11 Editing and Selection 167
5.12 Strategies for Handling Nonspacing Marks 169
5.13 Rendering Nonspacing Marks 172
5.14 Locating Text Element Boundaries 178
5.15 Identifiers 179
5.16 Sorting and Searching 179
5.17 Binary Order 181
5.18 Case Mappings 184
5.19 Unicode Security 190
5.20 Default Ignorable Code Points 192
Chapter 6 Writing Systems and Punctuation 1976.1 Writing Systems 198
6.2 General Punctuation 202
Chapter 7 European Alphabetic Scripts 2257.1 Latin 226
7.2 Greek 237
7.3 Coptic 243
7.4 Cyrillic 245
7.5 Glagolitic 246
7.6 Armenian 247
7.7 Georgian 249
7.8 Modifier Letters 250
7.9 Combining Marks 252
Chapter 8 Middle Eastern Scripts 2638.1 Hebrew 264
8.2 Arabic 269
8.3 Syriac 283
8.4 Thaana 291
Chapter 9 South Asian Scripts-I 2959.1 Devanagari 296
9.2 Bengali 312
9.3 Gurmukhi 317
9.4 Gujarati 321
9.5 Oriya 322
9.6 Tamil 324
9.7 Telugu 330
9.8 Kannada 331
9.9 Malayalam 334
Chapter 10 South Asian Scripts-II 34110.1 Sinhala 341
10.2 Tibetan 343
10.3 Phags-pa 353
10.4 Limbu 360
10.5 Syloti Nagri 363
10.6 Kharoshthi 364
Chapter 11 Southeast Asian Scripts 37311.1 Thai 373
11.2 Lao 376
11.3 Myanmar 379
11.4 Khmer 382
11.5 Tai Le 393
11.6 New Tai Lue 394
11.7 Philippine Scripts 395
11.8 Buginese 397
11.9 Balinese 399
Chapter 12 East Asian Scripts 40712.1 Han 408
12.2 Ideographic Description Characters 427
12.3 Bopomofo 431
12.4 Hiragana and Katakana 433
12.5 Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms 434
12.6 Hangul 435
12.7 Yi 438
Chapter 13 Additional Modern Scripts 44513.1 Ethiopic 445
13.2 Mongolian 448
13.3 Osmanya 457
13.4 Tifinagh 457
13.5 N'Ko 458
13.6 Cherokee 463
13.7 Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics 464
13.8 Deseret 465
13.9 Shavian 467 Chapter 14 Archaic Scripts 47114.1 Ogham 472
14.2 Old Italic 473
14.3 Runic 475
14.4 Gothic 477
14.5 Linear B 478
14.6 Cypriot Syllabary 479
14.7 Phoenician 480
14.8 Ugaritic 482
14.9 Old Persian 483
14.10 Sumero-Akkadian 483
Chapter 15 Symbols 48915.1 Currency Symbols 490
15.2 Letterlike Symbols 492
15.3 Number Forms 498
15.4 Mathematical Symbols 502
15.5 Invisible Mathematical Operators 507
15.6 Technical Symbols 508
15.7 Geometrical Symbols 512
15.8 Miscellaneous Symbols and Dingbats 514
15.9 Enclosed and Square 517
15.10 Braille 519
15.11 Western Musical Symbols 520
15.12 Byzantine Musical Symbols 525
15.13 Ancient Greek Musical Notation 526
Chapter 16 Special Areas and Format Characters 53116.1 Control Codes 532
16.2 Layout Controls 534
16.3 Deprecated Format Characters 543
16.4 Variation Selectors 545
16.5 Private-Use Characters 546
16.6 Surrogates Area 548
16.7 Noncharacters 549
16.8 Specials 550
16.9 Tag Characters 554
Chapter 17 Code Charts 56317.1 Character Names List 563
17.2 CJK Unified Ideographs 569
17.3 Hangul Syllables 570
Chapter 18 Han Radical-Stroke Index 1023Appendix A Notational Conventions 1077Appendix B Unicode Publications and Resources 1083B.1 The Unicode Consortium 1083
B.2 Unicode Publications 1084
B.3 Unicode Technical Standards 1085
B.4 Unicode Technical Reports 1086
B.5 Unicode Technical Notes 1087
B.6 Other Unicode Online Resources 1088
Appendix C Relationship to ISO/IEC 10646 1091C.1 History 1091
C.2 Encoding Forms in ISO/IEC 10646 1095
C.3 UCS Transformation Formats 1096
C.4 Synchronization of the Standards 1097
C.5 Identification of Features for the Unicode Standard 1097
C.6 Character Names 1098
C.7 Character Functional Specifications 1098
Appendix D Changes from Previous Versions 1099D.1 Improvements to the Standard 1099
D.2 Versions of the Unicode Standard 1100
D.3 Clause and Definition Numbering Changes 1102
D.4 Changes from Version 4.1 to Version 5.0 1104
D.5 Changes from Version 4.0 to Version 4.1 1106
D.6 Changes from Unicode Version 3.2 to Version 4.0 1109
D.7 Changes from Unicode Version 3.1 to Version 3.2 1111
D.8 Changes from Unicode Version 3.0 to Version 3.1 1113
Appendix E Han Unification History 1115E.1 Development of the URO 1115
E.2 Ideographic Rapporteur Group 1116
Appendix F Unicode Encoding Stability Policies 1119F.1 Encoding Stability Policies for the Unicode Standard 1119
Glossary 1125References 1153R.1 Source Standards and Specifications 1153
R.2 Source Dictionaries for Han Unification 1161
R.3 Other Sources for the Unicode Standard 1161
R.4 Selected Resources: Technical 1171
R.5 Selected Resources: Scripts and Languages 1173
Indices 1179I.1 Unicode Names Index 1179
I.2 General Index 1231
Annexes 1251UAX 9: The Bidirectional Algorithm 1251
UAX 11: East Asian Width 1275
UAX 14: Line Breaking Properties 1283
UAX 15: Unicode Normalization Forms 1333
UAX 24: Script Names 1365
UAX 29: Text Boundaries 1373
UAX 31: Identifier and Pattern Syntax 1393
UAX 34: Unicode Named Character Sequences 1405
UAX 41: Common References for Unicode Standard
Unicode provides a unique number for each character (text or symbol), across platforms, programs, and languages, ensuring that it is displayed consistently by every computer. The Unicode Standard has been adopted by such industry leaders as Apple, HP, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, SAP, Sun, Sybase, Unisys, and more. Unicode is required by modern standards such as XML, Java, JavaScript, LDAP, CORBA 3.0, WML, etc. It is supported in most operating systems, all modern browsers, and many other products. Version 5.0 contains the knowledge gained from many years of worldwide implementation experience, and has been enhanced significantly: the text incorporates fifteen years of user feedback, provides thorough answers to the many questions users of Unicode have raised, and is much more accessible--with greatly improved figures and tables, and with the text revised for clarity. Annexes contain 50% new material and provide specifications for important processes such as text normalization and identifier usage.
The Unicode Consortium is a non-profit organization founded to develop, extend and promote use of the Unicode Standard, which specifies the representation of text in modern software products and standards. The membership of the consortium represents a broad spectrum of corporations and organizations in the computer and information processing industry. The Unicode Consortium actively cooperates with many of the leading standards development organizations, such as ISO/IEC JTC1, W3C, IETF, and ECMA. The Consortium is based in Mountain View, CA, with members located around the world.
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