Table of Contents

1. The Condition of Europe c.1789 2. The French Revolution, 1785–89 3. The Collapse of the French Monarchy and the International Response, 1789–92 4. The Revolution at War 5. The Rule of Napoleon 6. The Impact of the French Revolution and Napoleon on Europe and the Congress of Vienna 7. The Industrialization of Europe and its Effects 8. Nationalism and the Breakdown of the Concert of Europe, 1815–56 9. Restoration Europe, 1815–48, and Challenges to Authority 10. 1848: The Year of Revolutions 11. The Second Empire in France, 1851–70 12. The Unification of Italy, 1849–71 13. The Unification of Germany, 1849–71 14. Reform and Reaction in Russia, 1849–94 15. The Age of Imperialism 16. Marxism and the Growth of Working Class Organizations 17. The Third Republic in France, 1871–1914 18. Imperial Germany, 1871–1912 19. The Habsburg Empire, 1848–1914 20. Russia, 1894–1914 21. International Relations 1890–1914 and the Origins of the First World War 22. Europe in 1914: Retrospect and Prospect