Table of Contents

Chapter 25 Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law 567

25-1 Electromagnetism: A Preview 567

25-2 Electric Charge 568

25-3 Conductors and Insulators 571

25-4 Coulomb’s Law 573

25-5 Continuous Charge Distributions 576

25-6 Conservation of Charge 580

Questions and Problems 581

Chapter 26 The Electric Field 587

26-1 What is a Field? 587

26-2 The Electric Field 588

26-3 The Electric Field of Point Charges 590

26-4 Electric Field of Continuous Charge Distributions 592

26-5 Electric Field Lines 595

26-6 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 597

26-7 A Dipole in an Electric Field 600

26-8 The Nuclear Model of the Atom (Optional) 602

Questions and Problems 603

Chapter 27 Gauss’ Law 611

27-1 What is Gauss’ Law All About? 611

27-2 The Flux of a Vector Field 612

27-3 The Flux of the Electric Field 613

27-4 Gauss’ Law 616

27-5 Applications of Gauss’ Law 617

27-6 Gauss’ Law and Conductors 621

27-7 Experimental Tests of Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 624

Questions and Problems 626

Chapter 28 Electric Potential Energy and Potential 635

28-1 Potential Energy 635

28-2 Electric Potential Energy 636

28-3 Electric Potential 639

28-4 Calculating the Potential from the Field 640

28-5 Potential Due to Point Charges 641

28-6 Electric Potential of Continuous Charge Distributions 644

28-7 Calculating the Field from the Potential 646

28-8 Equipotential Surfaces 648

28-9 The Potential of a Charged Conductor 649

28-10 The Electrostatic Accelerator (Optional) 651

Questions and Problems 652

Chapter 29 The Electrical Properties of Materials 661

29-1 Types of Materials 661

29-2 A Conductor in an Electric Field: Static Conditions 662

29-3 A Conductor in an Electric Field: Dynamic Conditions 663

29-4 Ohmic Materials 666

29-5 Ohm’s Law: A Microscopic View 668

29-6 An Insulator in an Electric Field 670

Questions and Problems 672

Chapter 30 Capacitance 679

30-1 Capacitors 679

30-2 Capacitance 679

30-3 Calculating the Capacitance 681

30-4 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 683

30-5 Energy Storage in an Electric Field 685

30-6 Capacitor with Dielectric 687

Questions and Problems 690

Chapter 31 DC Circuits 701

31-1 Electric Current 701

31-2 Electromotive Force 703

31-3 Analysis of Circuits 704

31-4 Electric Fields in Circuits 709

31-5 Resistors in Series and Parallel 710

31-6 Energy Transfers in an Electric Circuit 713

31-7 RC Circuits 713

Questions and Problems 716

Chapter 32 The Magnetic Field 725

32-1 Magnetic Interactions and Magnetic Poles 725

32-2 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 727

32-3 Circulating Charges 731

32-4 The Hall Effect 734

32-5 The Magnetic Force on a Current- Carrying Wire 736

32-6 The Torque on a Current Loop 738

Questions and Problems 740

Chapter 33 The Magnetic Field of a Current 749

33-1 The Magnetic Field due to a Moving Charge 749

33-2 The Magnetic Field of a Current 752

33-3 Two Parallel Currents 756

33-4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 758

33-5 Ampère’s Law 760

33-6 Electromagnetism and Frames of Reference (Optional) 764

Questions and Problems 765

Chapter 34 Faraday’s Law of Induction 775

34-1 Faraday’s Experiments 775

34-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction 776

34-3 Lenz’ Law 777

34-4 Motional emf 780

34-5 Generators and Motors 782

34-6 Induced Electric Fields 783

34-7 Induction and Relative Motion (Optional) 786

Questions and Problems 789

Chapter 35 Magnetic Properties of Materials 801

35-1 The Magnetic Dipole 801

35-2 The Force on a Dipole in a Nonuniform Field 804

35-3 Atomic and Nuclear Magnetism 805

35-4 Magnetization 807

35-5 Magnetic Materials 808

35-6 The Magnetism of the Planets (Optional) 811

35-7 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism 814

Questions and Problems 816

Chapter 36 Inductance 823

36-1 Inductance 823

36-2 Calculating the Inductance 824

36-3 LR Circuits 826

36-4 Energy Storage in a Magnetic Field 827

36-5 Electromagnetic Oscillations: Qualitative 830

36-6 Electromagnetic Oscillations: Quantitative 832

36-7 Damped and Forced Oscillations 833

Questions and Problems 836

Chapter 37 Alternating Current Circuits 845

37-1 Alternating Currents 845

37-2 Three Separate Elements 846

37-3 The Single Loop RLC Circuit 848

37-4 Power in AC Circuits 851

37-5 The Transformer (Optional) 852

Questions and Problems 854

Chapter 38 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 861

38-1 The Basic Equations of Electromagnetism 861

38-2 Induced Magnetic Fields and the Displacement Current 862

38-3 Maxwell’s Equations 864

38-4 Generating an Electromagnetic Wave 866

38-5 Traveling Waves and Maxwell’s Equations 868

38-6 Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector 870

38-7 Radiation Pressure 872

Questions and Problems 874

Chapter 39 Light Waves 883

39-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 883

39-2 Visible Light 886

39-3 The Speed of Light 887

39-4 Reflection and Refraction of Light Waves 890

39-5 Total Internal Reflection 897

39-6 The Doppler Effect for Light 899

Questions and Problems 902

Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses 913

40-1 Image Formation by Mirrors and Lenses 913

40-2 Plane Mirrors 914

40-3 Spherical Mirrors 917

40-4 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 921

40-5 Thin Lenses 923

40-6 Optical Instruments 928

Questions and Problems 930

Chapter 41 Interference 941

41-1 Two-Source Interference 941

41-2 Double-Slit Interference 942

41-3 Coherence 944

41-4 Intensity in Double-Slit Interference 946

41-5 Interference from Thin FIlms 948

41-6 Michelson’s Interferometer 953

Questions and Problems 955

Chapter 42 Diffraction 963

42-1 Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light 963

42-2 Single-Slit Diffraction 965

42-3 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction 967

42-4 Diffraction at a Circular Aperture 970

42-5 Double-Slit Interference and Diffraction Combined 971

Questions and Problems 975

Chapter 43 Gratings and Spectra 981

43-1 Multiple Slits 981

43-2 Diffraction Gratings 985

43-3 Dispersion and Resolving Power 986

43-4 X-ray Diffraction 988

43-5 Holography (Optional) 992

Questions and Problems 994

Chapter 44 Polarization 999

44-1 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 999

44-2 Polarizing Sheets 1001

44-3 Polarization by Reflection 1003

44-4 Double Refraction 1004

44-5 Circular Polarization 1006

44-6 Polarization by Scattering 1008

Questions and Problems 1010

Chapter 45 The Nature of Light 1015

45-1 Introducing the Photon 1015

45-2 Thermal Radiation 1016

45-3 The Photoelectric Effect 1019

45-4 The Compton Effect 1021

45-5 The Photon Revealed 1023

45-6 Photons and Waves 1024

45-7 Slowing Down Atoms by Photon Bombardment 1026

Questions and Problems 1028

Chapter 46 The Nature of Matter 1035

46-1 Matter Waves 1035

46-2 Testing DeBroglie’s Hypothesis 1036

46-3 Waves and Particles 1041

46-4 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1042

46-5 The Wave Function 1044

46-6 Schrödinger’s Equation 1045

46-7 Barrier Tunneling 1046

Questions and Problems 1049

Chapter 47 Electrons in Potential Wells 1055

47-1 Electrons, Free and Bound 1055

47-2 An Electron Trapped in a Potential Well 1055

47-3 An Electron Trapped in a Finite Well 1060

47-4 An Electron Trapped in an Atom 1062

47-5 The Ground State of the Hydrogen Atom 1065

47-6 Angular Momentum of Electrons in Atoms 1066

47-7 An Excited State of the Hydrogen Atom 1069

47-8 Counting the States of Hydrogen 1070

Questions and Problems 1072

Chapter 48 Atomic Structure 1079

48-1 The X-ray Spectrum of Atoms 1079

48-2 X Rays and the Numbering of the Elements 1081

48-3 Building Atoms 1082

48-4 The Periodic Table 1083

48-5 Atomic Magnetism 1086

48-6 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1087

48-7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1089

48-8 Magnetism and Atomic Radiations (Optional) 1090

48-9 Lasers and Laser Light 1092

Questions and Problems 1096

Chapter 49 Electrical Conduction in Solids 1103

49-1 Quantum Theory of Solids 1103

49-2 Conduction Electrons in a Metal 1104

49-3 Filling the Allowed States 1105

49-4 Electrical Conduction in Metals 1108

49-5 Bands and Gaps 1109

49-6 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 1111

49-7 Doped Semiconductors 1112

49-8 The pn Junction 1114

49-9 Optical Electronics 1117

49-10 The Transistor 1119

49-11 Superconductors 1120

Questions and Problems 1122

Chapter 50 Nuclear Physics 1129

50-1 Discovering the Nucleus 1129

50-2 Some Nuclear Properties 1131

50-3 Radioactive Decay 1135

50-4 Alpha Decay 1136

50-5 Beta Decay 1138

50-6 Measuring Ionizing Radiation 1139

50-7 Natural Radioactivity 1140

50-8 Nuclear Reactions 1141

50-9 Nuclear Models (Optional) 1143

Questions and Problems 1145

Chapter 51 Energy from the Nucleus 1153

51-1 The Atom and the Nucleus 1153

51-2 Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process 1154

51-3 Theory of Nuclear Fission 1155

51-4 Nuclear Reactors: The Basic Principles 1157

51-5 A Natural Reactor 1159

51-6 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1161

51-7 Thermonuclear Fusion in Stars 1162

51-8 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1164

Questions and Problems 1167

Chapter 52 Particle Physics and Cosmology 1173

52-1 Particle Interactions 1173

52-2 Families of Particles 1176

52-3 Conservation Laws 1179

52-4 The Quark Model 1181

52-5 The Big Bang Cosmology 1186

52-6 Nucleosysthesis 1190

52-7 The Age of the Universe 1192

Questions and Problems 1194

Appendices

A. The International System of Units (SI) A-1

B. Fundamental Physcial Constants A-3

C. Astronomical Data A-4

D. Properties of the Elements A-6

E. Periodic Table of the Elements A-9

F. Elementary Particles A-10

G. Conversion Factors A-12

H. Vectors A-17

I. Mathematical Formulas A-20

J. Nobel Prizes in Physics A-22

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-26

Photo Credits P-1

Index I-1

About the Author

David Halliday was an American physicist known for his physics textbooks, Physics and Fundamentals of Physics, which he wrote with Robert Resnick. Both textbooks have been in continuous use since 1960 and are available in more than 47 languages.

Robert Resnick was a physics educator and author of physics textbooks. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland on January 11, 1923 and graduated from the Baltimore City College high school in 1939. He received his B.A. in 1943 and his Ph.D. in 1949, both in physics from Johns Hopkins University.