Table of Contents

Preface: The Therapist's Challenge xi Acknowledgments xiii PART I: THE TOOLS OF THE THERAPIST 1 Therapy Fundamentals 3 The Therapeutic Orientation toward Clients 4 Getting Started 8 Basic Child Therapy Skills 15 Helping Clients Open Up 21 Therapeutic Collaborations 31 Collaborating with Other Child-Serving Systems 34 Termination 35 2 Behavior Therapy 40 Learning Theory 41 Assessment and Case Formulation 47 Change Processes 51 Outcome Research 53 The Therapist's Style 55 Relaxation Training 56 Systematic Desensitization 57 Contingency Contracting 59 Social Skills Training 66 3 Cognitive Therapy 71 Cognitive Theory 72 Assessment and Case Formulation 76 Change Processes 80 Outcome Research 81 The Therapist's Style 83 Self-Monitoring 86 Self-Instruction 88 Self-Reinforcement 89 Cognitive Restructuring 90 Socratic Questioning 93 Tests of Evidence 95 Naming Cognitive Distortions 97 Personal Experiments 98 4 Psychodynamic Therapy 101 Psychoanalytic Theory 102 Assessment and Case Formulation 113 Change Processes 117 Outcome Research 121 The Therapist's Style 123 Facilitating the Expression of Material 123 Interpretation and Insight 124 Life Education 127 Corrective Emotional Experience 131 5 Constructivism: Solution-Oriented and Narrative Therapy 135 Postmodernism and the Social Construction of Reality 136 Assessment and Case Formulation 141 Change Processes 143 Outcome Research 148 The Therapist's Style 149 Solution-Oriented Therapy Techniques 150 Narrative Therapy Techniques 158 6 Family Systems Therapy 167 Systems Theory 168 Assessment and Case Formulation 176 Change Processes 181 Outcome Research 185 The Therapist's Style 186 Combining Family and Individual Modalities 187 Facilitating Communication 187 Psychoeducation 190 Systemic Insight 191 Reframing 192 Treating Enmeshment and Disengagement 195 Therapist Directives 196 Treating Negative Feedback Loops 198 Treating Positive Feedback Loops 199 Extended Family and Multigenerational Therapy 202 7 Atheoretical and Transtheoretical Techniques 205 Miscellaneous Techniques 206 Parent Counseling 210 Providing Information and Direction to Clients 212 Meeting the Client Halfway 222 Incorporating Experiences into New Structures of Meaning 228 PART II: THE NEEDS OF CLIENTS 8 Outcome Research and Clinical Reasoning in Treatment Planning 245 The Controversy: How Should Counselors Plan Therapy? 245 The Case for Outcome Research 246 What the Research Says 249 Mediators and Moderators of Treatment Effects 255 The Limitations of Outcome Research 257 What the Research Does Not Say 259 Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice 263 When to Consider Techniques without Strong Empirical Support 272 9 Cultural Factors in Therapy 277 The Role of Culture in Psychotherapy 278 Assessment and Case Formulation 289 The Therapist's Style 295 Connecting the Cultures of Therapy and Client 296 Conflicts between Client Cultures and the Predominant Culture 299 Addressing Prejudice and Discrimination 300 Culturally Specific Adaptations of Therapeutic Approaches 301 Bringing Spirituality into Therapy 302 10 Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Children 307 Diagnoses Treated in This Chapter 308 Clinical Presentation and Etiology 308 Assessment 312 Treatment Planning 316 Behavioral-Systemic Parent Training 319 The Collaborative Problem Solving Approach 331 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with the Child 334 Psychodynamic Therapy 337 11 Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Adolescents 341 Diagnoses Treated in This Chapter 342 Clinical Presentation and Etiology 342 Assessment 347 Treatment Planning 348 Behavioral-Systemic Therapy 351 Substance Abuse 368 Psychodynamic Therapy 368 Parent Counseling 371 12 Aggression and Violence 375 Diagnoses Treated in This Chapter 376 Clinical Presentation and Etiology 376 Assessment 382 Treatment Planning 384 Interventions Addressing Attitudes, Values, and Motivation 386 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 390 Psychodynamic Therapy 403 Systems-Oriented Intervention 404 13 Anxiety 407 Diagnoses Treated in This Chapter 408 Clinical Presentation and Etiology 409 Assessment 415 Treatment Planning 416 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 420 Psychodynamic Therapy 432 Family Therapy and Parent Counseling 438 Summary 440 14 Depression 443 Diagnoses Treated in This Chapter 444 Clinical Presentation and Etiology 445 Assessment 451 Treatment Planning 452 Special Topic: Suicide Risk 456 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 459 Psychodynamic Therapy 468 Family Therapy and Parent Counseling 472 Interpersonal Therapy 473 15 Stress and Trauma 477 Diagnoses Treated in This Chapter 478 Clinical Presentation and Etiology 478 Coping with Stress and Trauma 483 Assessment 486 Treatment Planning 489 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 491 Psychodynamic Therapy 498 Constructivist Therapy 498 Systems-Oriented Intervention 499 Therapy for Parental Divorce 500 Therapy for Bereavement 504 Therapy for Sexual Abuse 506 Summary 511 Afterword: The Therapist's Experience 515 References 519 Author Index 583 Subject Index 599

About the Author

JEREMY P. SHAPIRO, PhD, is a clinical child psychologist and an adjunct faculty member in the Psychology Department and Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University, where he teaches courses in child and adolescent psychology, assessment, and therapy. Dr. Shapiro's research focuses on psychotherapy processes and outcomes and treatment of aggression. He has published numerous articles and presented many professional workshops on these topics, and his violence prevention program, called Peacemakers, has been recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. ROBERT D. FRIEDBERG, PhD, ABPP, is an Associate Professor and Director of the Postdoctoral Fellowship programs at Penn State Milton Hershey Medical Center/Penn State College of Medicine. Dr. Friedberg is board certified in cognitive and behavior therapy, a Founding Fellow in the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, and a recent Extramural Scholar at the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research. He has published four other books including Clinical Practice of Cognitive Therapy with Children and Adolescents (with J. McClure). KAREN K. BARDENSTEIN, PhD, received her doctorate from the University of Michigan. She is a Clinical Instructor in the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry at Case Western Reserve University. She has coauthored a book on personality disorders in children and adolescents. Her practice specializes in childhood disorders, personality assessment, divorce, and custody issues, as well as psychotherapy for adults and couples.

Reviews

"This excellent compilation of the fundamentals of the various forms of psychotherapy attempts to bridge the gap between the available research evidence and the art of practicing therapy to help provide evidence-based, client-oriented therapy. To sum up, this book on child and adolescent therapy fulfills what it promises: 'intellectual rigor and practical application as equal and complementary objectives.'" (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, March 2007) "I was thoroughly impressed ... provides a good insight to the rationales and indications for different therapies for different child mental health presentations." (Community Care, July 2006) This comprehensive text would prove beneficial to both newly qualified and highly experienced therapists, challenging the reader to think beyond their dominant therapeutic paradigm... For new therapists, an excellent feature is the use of text boxes which provide examples of the language therapists can use when applying each technique, thus enabling new therapists to borrow the language of those more experienced until they have the opportunity to find their own style and therapeutic language... A particular strength of the book is that it takes a presenting problem and provides the reader with information about how this problem could be addressed using a range of theoretical orientations and techniques. I have found this book to be a useful not only in reinforcing and consolidating my existing knowledge and therapeutic techniques, but also in encouraging me to think about how I could address presenting problems using techniques from a range of other theoretical orientations. This book would make a very welcome and valuable addition to the bookshelf of any psychologist who works in a therapeutic context with children and adolescents."-- Melissa Oxlad, Associate Editor (Scientist-Practitioner.Com - online journal)