Table of Contents

Chapter 1 PART I: PHILOSOPHY AND ITS BEGINNINGS Part 2 Chapter 1: The Nature and Scope of Philosophy Chapter 3 How Philosophy and Science Differ Chapter 4 How Philosophy and Religion Differ Chapter 5 Philosophy's Four Main Areas Part 6 Chapter 2: It Began Here Chapter 7 The Problem of Being: Thales; Anaximander; Anaximenes Chapter 8 The Problem of Becoming: Parmenides; Zeno; Heraclitus Chapter 9 The Theory of Atomism: A Synthesis Chapter 10 Reading: Ionian Science Before Socrates Part 11 Chapter 3: Socrates: "And so I go about the world ... " Chapter 12 The Sophists Chapter 13 Socrates the Man Chapter 14 Life in Athens and Conquest by Sparta Chapter 15 Socrates's Chroniclers Chapter 16 The Dialogues: Socrates's Trial and Death: Euthyphro; Apology; Crito; Phaedo Chapter 17 Reading: Apology Chapter 18 PART II: PHILOSOPHY'S METHOD Part 19 Chapter 4: Aristotle and the Science of Logic Chapter 20 Aristotle: The Sophists Again; The Science of Logic Chapter 21 Logic as the Study of Argument Chapter 22 Distinguishing Arguments from Nonarguments Chapter 23 Eliminating Verbiage Chapter 24 Supplying Missing Components Chapter 25 Distinguishing Deductive and Inductive Arguments Chapter 26 Evaluating Arguments: Truth, Validity, and Soundness Chapter 27 Reading: Prior Analytics Part 28 Chapter 5: Common Fallacies Chapter 29 The Fallacies of Ambiguity: Amphiboly; Accent; Equivocation Chapter 30 The Fallacies of Presumption: Overlooking the Facts; Evading the Facts; Distorting the Facts Chapter 31 Fallacies of Relevance: Genetic Fallacy; Abusive ad Hominem; Tu Quoque; Poisoning the Well Chapter 32 PART III: PHILOSOPHY'S MAIN QUESTIONS Part 33 Chapter 6: Ethics: What Are We Like and What Should We Do? Chapter 34 Aristotle's Theory of Ethics: Goodness and Happiness; Moral Virtues; Intellectual Virtues Chapter 35 Kant's Theory of Ethics: A Good Will; The Categorical Imperative; The Role of Reason Chapter 36 The Utilitarian Theory: Jeremy Bentham; John Stuart Mill; Hedonism Chapter 37 Goodness and Happiness Chapter 38 Reading: Nicomachean Ethics Part 39 Chapter 7: Religion: What is the Nature of God? Chapter 40 The Idea of God and the Problem of Evil: St. Augustine of Hippo; The Irenean Theodicy Chapter 41 Proofs for the Existence of God: St. Thomas of Aquinas; David Hume; John Stuart Mill; Intelligent Design; Can Proofs for the Existence of God Succeed? Chapter 42 Religious Belief/Knowledge: Blaise Pascal; William James Chapter 43 Reading: Excerpts from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Chapter 44 Reading: The Will to Believe Part 45 Chapter 8: Metaphysics: What Is the Nature of Our World? Chapter 46 Metaphysics: The Study of Nature, the Self, and Reality Chapter 47 Causation: Aristotle; David Hume Chapter 48 Freedom and Necessity: Determinism; Compatibilism; Immanuel Kant; Harry Frankfurt; P.F. Strawson; David Hume Chapter 49 Reading: Excerpts from Physics Chapter 50 Reading: Excerpts from Treatise on Human Nature Part 51 Chapter 9: Epistemology: How Do We Know All This? Chapter 52 The Rationalists: Rene Descartes; Baruch Spinoza; Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Chapter 53 The Empiricists: John Locke; George Berkeley; David Hume Chapter 54 The Kantian Synthesis Chapter 55 The Problem as Kant Saw It Chapter 56 The Solution to the Problem Chapter 57 Space and Time Chapter 58 Understanding: Organizing Experience Chapter 59 Reason Chapter 60 Reading: Meditations on First Philosophy Chapter 61 Reading: Plato's Theory of Forms Chapter 62 PART IV: CONTEMPORARY DIRECTIONS Part 63 Chapter 10: Modern Directions: The Analytic Tradition Chapter 64 Bertrand Russell Chapter 65 Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Philosophic Task; The Direction of Modern Philosophy Chapter 66 Wittgenstein: Picture Theory; Misleading Pictures; Language Pitfalls; The Tyranny of Words and Pictures; Wittgenstein and Our Philosophic Tradition Chapter 67 Reading: The Value of Philosophy Part 68 Chapter 11: Modern Directions: The Continental Tradition Chapter 69 Introduction Chapter 70 Wittgenstein, Existentialism, and The History of Philosophy Chapter 71 The Philosophic Task, Again Chapter 72 Existentialism: Soren Kirkegaard; Friedrich Nietzsche; Jean-Paul Sartre Chapter 73 Reading: Existentialism and Humanism Part 74 Chapter 12 Modern Directions: Fairness and Feminism Chapter 75 John Rawls and the Theory of Justice: The Original Position Chapter 76 Feminism: Mary Wollstonecraft; Carol Gilligan; Allison Jaggar; Susan Moller Okin Chapter 77 Reading: Declaration of Sentiments Chapter 78 Reading: "Two Types of Justice" Part 79 Glossary

About the Author

S. Morris Engel is a retired professor of philosophy at York University in Toronto, Ontario. Previously, he taught at the University of Southern California for twenty-five years. Angelika Soldan is associate professor of philosophy and government at the University of Texas, Brownsville.